List Diagnostics – E
When performing endoscopy of the esophagus in the cervical esophagus, the longitudinal folds of the mucous membrane touch each other with their tops. It is possible to straighten the folds and examine the mucous membrane of this section only with intensive air injection; it is difficult to achieve complete straightening of the folds. At the moment when the esophagus is easily straightened under the action of air, it can be stated that the end of the endoscope has reached the thoracic esophagus.
Epidural anesthesia switches off all types of functional activity of the nerve: motor, sensory and vegetative. Unlike spinal anesthesia, in which the local anesthetic solution is mixed and diluted with cerebrospinal fluid, with epidural anesthesia it spreads through the epidural space, part of it leaves the spinal canal through the intervertebral openings, which makes the spread of epidural anesthesia not always predictable.
Enterosorption is classified as a so-called non-invasive sorption method, since it does not involve direct contact of the sorbent with the blood.
Endovascular dilation, or angioplasty, is one of the most effective methods of treating limited segmental vascular lesions - stenosis and occlusion.
The use of modern fiber-optic endoscopes allows for examination of the maxillary sinus in vivo and identification of signs of its inflammation (hyperemia of the mucous membrane, its polypous changes, etc.).
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a secondary pathological condition. The most common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are chronic gastric or duodenal ulcers. In recent years, the number of patients hospitalized for peptic ulcer disease has decreased significantly, but the number of patients with bleeding chronic ulcers remains unchanged.
Examination (endoscopy) of ENT organs is the main method of assessing their condition. For more effective implementation of this procedure, a number of general rules should be followed.
Endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer disease is used as an addition to drug therapy for ulcers that are difficult to treat.
Two-stage polypectomy is also used for multiple polyps. If the operation proceeds successfully and the patients are in good condition, one can aim for simultaneous cutting off and extraction of all polyps (up to 7-10). But if the patients do not tolerate the introduction of the endoscope well, then 3-5 polyps can be removed, and the operation can be repeated in 2-3 days.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a combination of endoscopy (to detect and cannulate the ampulla of Vater) and radiographic examination after the introduction of a contrast agent into the bile and pancreatic ducts.
The study of the endometrium is based on the appearance of characteristic changes in the mucous membrane under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones. Estrogens cause proliferation, and progesterone - secretory transformations.
The endocrine system includes endocrine glands that secrete the corresponding hormones into the blood. These glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, islet apparatus of the pancreas, adrenal glands, including the cortex and medulla, testicles, ovaries, pineal gland, thymus gland.
The use of electroconvulsive therapy (synonyms - electroconvulsive therapy, electroshock therapy) for the treatment of mental disorders has a history of almost 70 years.
Electroretinography is a method of recording the total bioelectrical activity of all neurons in the retina: the negative a-wave of photoreceptors and the positive b-wave of hyper- and depolarizing bipolars and Müller cells.
Electrophysiologic studies are medical studies that are used to examine the electrical activity of cells and tissues in the human or animal body.
Electrooculography is the recording of the constant potential of the eye using skin electrodes placed on the area of the outer and inner edges of the lower eyelid.
Electroneuromyography is performed for the purpose of topical diagnostics and assessment of damage to various parts of the peripheral neuromotor apparatus and determining the effectiveness of therapy for neuroinfections.
Electromyography, as defined by the International Continence Society, is the recording of the bioelectric potential of a muscle. In urodynamic studies, EMG is used to record the activity of the striated muscles of the pelvic floor: the pubococcygeus muscle (M. pubococcygeus), the levator ani muscle (m. levator ani), and the anal sphincter (rabdosphincter).
A diagnostic technique that allows the examination of the musculature system by recording electrical muscle potentials is called electromyography.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a recording of electrical waves characterized by a certain rhythm. When analyzing EEG, attention is paid to the basal rhythm, symmetry of the brain's electrical activity, spike activity, and response to functional tests. The diagnosis is made taking into account the clinical picture.
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