List Analyzes – B
The causative agents of brucellosis are brucellae, small non-motile gram-negative bacteria. When diagnosing brucellosis, the obtained clinical and epidemiological data must be confirmed in the laboratory.
Phenylalanine metabolism disorder is a very common congenital metabolic disorder. Due to a defect in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PHA gene), enzyme deficiency develops, and as a consequence, a block occurs in the normal conversion of phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine.
Galactosemia is caused by a deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (classical galactosemia) or, less commonly, galactokinase or galactose epimerase.
Blood analysis is the most common method of research, without which modern diagnostics is not possible. Various types and methods of analytical blood tests help modern medicine to quickly and accurately identify hundreds of thousands of ailments.
Sodium is the main cation of extracellular fluid, where its concentration is 6-10 times higher than inside cells. The physiological significance of sodium is to maintain osmotic pressure and pH in intra- and extracellular spaces, it affects the processes of nervous activity, the state of the muscular and cardiovascular systems and the ability of tissue colloids to "swell".
Natriuretic peptides play an important role in regulating the volume of sodium and water. The first to be discovered was the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), or atrial natriuretic peptide type A.
Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycerides into glycerol and higher fatty acids. This enzyme is produced in the human body by a number of organs and tissues, which allows us to distinguish between lipase of gastric origin, pancreas, lipase of the lungs, intestines, leukocytes, etc.
ELISA is used to detect IgG autoantibodies to insulin in blood serum. Long-term insulin therapy usually causes an increase in the amount of circulating antibodies to the administered insulin drug in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Glucose is one of the most important components of blood; its quantity reflects the state of carbohydrate metabolism. Glucose is evenly distributed between the formed elements of the blood and plasma, with some predominance in the latter.
Glucagon is a polypeptide consisting of 29 amino acid residues. It has a short half-life (several minutes) and is a functional antagonist of insulin. Glucagon is predominantly produced by α-cells of the pancreas and duodenum, but secretion by ectopic cells in the bronchi and kidneys is possible.
The start of blood clotting in a healthy person is from 30 seconds to 2 minutes, the end is from 3 to 5 minutes. Blood is taken from the finger into a clean and dry capillary from the Panchenkov apparatus.
Alkaline phosphatase is widely distributed in human tissues, especially in the intestinal mucosa, osteoblasts, walls of the bile ducts of the liver, placenta and lactating mammary gland.
Albumin in the blood is a very important protein component of human blood. The name comes from the Latin word - white (albus). It is a protein that dissolves well in salty and acidic environments, and the protein is practically pure, since it does not contain a milligram of carbohydrates.
Determination of bladder antigen (BTA) in urine is a screening method for diagnosing bladder cancer, as well as for dynamic monitoring of patients after surgical treatment. Antigens are detected in 70-80% of patients with bladder cancer at stage T1-T3 and in 58% with cancer in situ.
Normally, bilirubin is not detected in urine because unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in water and is not excreted by the kidneys. Obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts is a classic cause of bilirubinuria.
Beta-chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein secreted by the syncytial layer of the trophoblast during pregnancy. It maintains the activity and existence of the corpus luteum, stimulates the development of the embryoblast. It is excreted in the urine.
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone consisting of two subunits, alpha and beta, non-covalently linked to each other; the alpha subunit is identical to the alpha subunit of LH, FSH and TSH, the beta subunit is specific to human chorionic gonadotropin.
Beta2-microglobulin is a low-molecular protein of surface antigens of cell nuclei. Its presence in the blood serum is due to the processes of degradation and reparation of individual cell elements.
The glass test is an effective way to detect pathologies, chronic and acute, in the urinary tract. This method is especially important for determining the exact location of the inflammation site.
Basophils are blood cells that contain coarse purple-blue granules in their cytoplasm. The main component of basophil granules is histamine.