List Analyzes – D
The study of lipoprotein fractions in clinical practice is used for typing dyslipoproteinemia. Dyslipoproteinemia is a deviation of the lipoprotein spectrum of the blood, manifested in a change in the content (increase, decrease, absence or disturbance of the ratio) of one or more classes of lipoproteins.
Duration of bleeding (according to Duke) is a specific method of assessing the state of the circulatory system, or more precisely, the vessels. Normally, according to this method, the period from the beginning to the cessation of blood loss should not exceed three minutes.
Serological methods for diagnosing diphtheria include the indirect hemagglutination reaction and ELISA. The titer of antibodies to diphtheria toxin is determined at the onset of the disease (1-3 days) and after 7-10 days; an increase in the titer of antibodies by at least 4 times is considered diagnostic.
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind to the same receptor in the cell, but the affinity of testosterone for the receptor is significantly lower than that of dihydrotestosterone. Only dihydrotestosterone has an effect on the prostate gland, skull bones, and hair growth. DHT is metabolized to 3α-androstenediol glucuronide.
Digoxin is one of the most commonly used cardiac glycosides. It is usually taken for a month. Absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is 60-80% of the dose taken. Most of the drug is excreted from the blood by the kidneys. Digoxin is prescribed mainly for heart failure and as an antiarrhythmic agent, along with other drugs.
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside that differs from digoxin in its duration of action, which is associated with better solubility in lipids. Digitoxin is almost completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. In the blood serum, digitoxin binds to albumin.
Human sex is determined by a pair of chromosomes - X and Y. Female cells contain two X chromosomes, male cells contain one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome is one of the smallest in the karyotype, and contains only a few genes not related to sex regulation.
Karyotyping is the main method for diagnosing these syndromes. It should be noted that chromosome segmentation detection methods accurately identify patients with specific chromosomal abnormalities, even in cases where the clinical manifestations of these abnormalities are minor and non-specific. In complex cases, karyotyping can be supplemented by in situ hybridization.
Microdeletions of adjacent genes on a chromosome cause a number of very rare syndromes (Prader-Willi, Miller-Dieker, DiGeorge, etc.). Diagnosis of these syndromes has become possible due to improvements in the method of preparing chromosome preparations. If a microdeletion cannot be detected by karyotyping, DNA probes specific to the region that has been deleted are used.
In multifactorial genetic diseases, there is always a polygenic component consisting of a sequence of genes that cumulatively interact with each other.
Monogenic defects (determined by one gene) are observed more often than chromosomal ones. Diagnosis of diseases usually begins with the analysis of clinical and biochemical data, the pedigree of the proband (the person in whom the defect was first detected), and the type of inheritance.
Autoimmune chronic hepatitis syndrome is characterized by clinical symptoms of liver inflammation lasting more than 6 months and histological changes (necrosis and infiltrates of the portal fields).
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a group of rheumatic diseases and is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to phospholipids. The causes of autoantibody formation have not been precisely established.
A direct and accurate indicator of the osmoregulatory function of the kidneys is considered to be the osmolality of the blood serum (Rosm) and the osmolality of the urine (Uocm) with subsequent calculation of the derived values obtained on the basis of the principle of clearance.
Poisoning with nitrites, sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, as well as chlorates, sulfonamides, aniline dyes, nitrobenzene, antimalarial drugs, butyl nitrite or amyl nitrite can cause methemoglobinemia.
Of great importance for the early diagnosis of meningococcal infection is the study of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with meningeal symptoms to detect Neisseria meningitis antigens.
Methanol (CH3OH, wood alcohol, methyl alcohol) can be absorbed through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract. When methanol enters the gastrointestinal tract, it is rapidly absorbed and distributed in body fluids. The main mechanism of methanol elimination in humans is oxidation to formaldehyde, formic acid, and CO2.
Isopropanol (C3H7OH, isopropyl alcohol) is used in industry and clinical laboratory diagnostics as a solvent. It is less toxic than methanol and ethylene glycol.
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol, C2H5OH) has a sedative-hypnotic effect. When taken orally, ethanol, like methanol, ethylene glycol and other alcohols, is easily absorbed from the stomach (20%) and small intestine (80%) due to its low molecular weight and solubility in lipids.
Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that does not cause irritation, a product of incomplete combustion. It is a component of many industrial gases (blast furnace, generator, coke); the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines can reach 1-13%.