Diseases of the eyes (ophthalmology)

Optic neuropathy

Optic neuropathy is a serious complication occurring in 5% of patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy. It develops due to compression of the optic nerve or the vessels that feed it at the apex of the orbit by swollen and enlarged rectus muscles.

Eyelid retraction

Retraction of the upper and lower eyelids occurs in approximately 50% of patients with Graves disease. The following mechanisms underlie retraction.

Endocrine ophthalmopathy

Thyroid disease (endocrine ophthalmopathy) of the eye can occur without clinical and biochemical signs of thyroid dysfunction.

Ophthalmoplegia

Ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the eye's movement; it can be caused by one or more factors.

Enophthalmos

Enophthalmos is a displacement of the eye into the orbit, often weakly expressed. The mechanisms of enophthalmos are as follows:

Exophthalmos

Exophthalmos is an excessive anterior displacement of the eye caused by a retrobulbar lesion or (less commonly) a shallow orbit. Asymmetry in eye protrusion is best seen by examining the patient from above and behind.

Microtopia

Microtropia (monofixation syndrome) can be primary or occur as a result of surgical intervention after correction of a large angle of deviation.

Convergent strabismus

Convergent strabismus (esotropia, manifest convergent strabismus) can be concomitant or paralytic.

Divergent strabismus

Exotropia (manifest exotropia) can be constant or periodic.

Möbius syndrome.

Mobius syndrome is a very rare sporadic congenital anomaly.