An encephalocele is a herniated protrusion of intracranial contents through a congenital defect of the skull base. A meningocele contains only dura mater, whereas a meningoencephalocele also contains brain tissue.
A mucocele of the eye develops when the drainage of normal sinus secretions is disrupted due to infection, allergy, injury, or congenital narrowing of the drainage pathways.
A dermoid cyst is a benign cystic formation from a group of teratomas (choristomas) that form when the ectoderm is displaced under the skin along the lines of embryonic junction.
Carotid-cavernous fistula is a pathological fistula that occurs as a result of damage to the internal carotid artery at the point where it passes through the cavernous sinus.
Lymphangiomas are not considered tumors, but are developmental defects, representing non-functioning benign vascular malformations that extend throughout the orbit and sometimes the oropharynx.
Idiopathic orbital inflammation (formerly known as pseudotumor of the orbit) is a rare pathology that is a non-neoplastic, non-infectious, volumetric lesion of the orbit.
Nasoorbital mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection caused by fungi of the Mucoruceae family, usually affecting patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or immunosuppression.
From 30 to 50% of patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy suffer from ophthalmoplegia, which can be permanent. Limitation of eye mobility is initially associated with inflammatory edema and later - fibrosis.
