Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Congenital chalazia of the cardia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Chalazia of the cardia is a congenital insufficiency of the cardiac section of the esophagus due to underdevelopment of the intramural sympathetic ganglion cells.

Congenital short esophagus

Congenital short esophagus is a developmental anomaly that forms during the fetal period, in which the distal part of the esophagus is lined with gastric epithelium, and part of the stomach is located above the diaphragm.

Esophageal membrane: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Esophageal membrane - a membrane that closes the opening of the esophagus, which is a flap of connective tissue covered with keratinized epithelium. The pathology is almost always localized in the upper part of the esophagus. There are often holes in the membrane that partially let food through.

Congenital esophageal stenosis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital esophageal stenosis is a narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus, usually in the area of aortic stenosis, which occurs as a result of hypertrophy of the muscular membrane of the esophagus in the presence of a fibrous or cartilaginous ring in the wall of the esophagus or the formation of thin membranes of the mucous membrane.

Esophageal atresia

Esophageal atresia (Q39.0, Q39.1) is the most common developmental defect in the neonatal period and diagnosed immediately after birth. The following developmental defects manifest later and are often complicated by aspiration pneumonia, hypotrophy, and esophagitis.

Regurgitation and vomiting

The concept of "regurgitation" (lat. regurgitation) is inextricably linked with the period of infancy and breastfeeding. Regurgitation is the throwing of a small amount of gastric contents into the pharynx and oral cavity in combination with the release of air. In essence, regurgitation is a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), caused by the anatomical and physiological features of the upper digestive tract of the infant.

Dysphagia in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Dysphagia (swallowing disorder) is described as a sensation of difficulty in swallowing liquid or thick food, regardless of the true causes and localization of the defect. This phenomenon is based on diseases of the cricopharyngeal muscle and proximal esophagus, caused by pathology of the skeletal muscles.

Interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis)

Interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis) is an acute or chronic non-specific, abacterial, non-destructive inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys, accompanied by involvement of the tubules, blood and lymphatic vessels of the renal stroma in the pathological process.

Cystitis in children

Characteristic signs of acute cystitis and exacerbation of chronic cystitis are frequent (pollakiuria) painful urination, pain in the bladder, possible urinary incontinence, and in children in the first months of life - urinary retention.

Reflux nephropathy

Reflux nephropathy is a disease that occurs against the background of vesicoureteral reflux, characterized by the formation of focal or generalized sclerosis in the renal parenchyma.