Diseases of the eyes (ophthalmology)

Benign iris tumors

Up to 84% of iris tumors are benign, more than half of them (54-62%) are myogenic in nature.

Benign eyelid tumors

Benign eyelid tumors constitute the main group of eyelid tumors.

Malignant tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea

Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva and cornea is rare. Provoking factors include ultraviolet radiation, human papillomavirus and HIV infection.

Benign tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea

In the conjunctiva and cornea, benign tumors (dermoids, dermolipomas, pigmented tumors) predominate, and in childhood they make up more than 99% of all tumors in this location.

Tumors of the eyelid skin account for more than 80% of all neoplasms of the visual organ. The age of patients ranges from 1 year to 80 years and older. Tumors of epithelial genesis predominate (up to 67%).

Drug-induced optical neuropathies

Ethambutol in combination with isoniazid and rifampicin is used to treat tuberculosis. Toxicity depends on the dose and duration of treatment and is 6% at a daily dose of 25 mg/kg (a dose of 15 mg/kg is rarely toxic).

Pupil reactions

The approach reflex (a synkinesis, not a true reflex) is activated when looking from a distant object to a nearby one. Includes accommodation, convergence, and miosis.

Supranuclear oculomotor disorders

Conjugate eye movements are binocular movements in which the eyes move synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction. There are 3 main types of movements: saccadic, smooth searching, non-optical reflex.

Alcohol and tobacco amblyopia

Alcohol-tobacco amblyopia usually develops in alcoholics and tobacco smokers who have a deficiency of protein and B vitamins. Most patients violate the diet, getting calories mainly from alcohol.

Optic nerve hypoplasia

Optic nerve hypoplasia, unilateral or bilateral, is characterized by a reduced number of nerve fibers. Optic nerve hypoplasia may be an isolated anomaly, associated with other eye malformations, or a heterogeneous group of diseases most often affecting the midline structures of the brain.