In case of corneoscleral injury, the limbal zone may remain intact. Such penetrating wounds have separate entrance and exit holes in the wall of the eyeball and are called penetrating (they are rarely scleroscyphal).
The diagnosis of a penetrating wound of the sclera is sometimes difficult to establish if there is no radiopaque or visible through the pupil and rock body inside the eye, there is no gaping of the wound edges that are covered by edematous or blood-soaked conjunctiva, prolapse of the internal membranes or vitreous body.
An uncomplicated penetrating wound of the cornea is not accompanied by trauma to the underlying tissues. If the wound is small and its edges are well adapted, the anterior chamber is preserved and the iris does not come into contact with the wound.
Non-penetrating superficial damage to the cornea - erosion (defect of the corneal epithelium, scratch) - is accompanied by significant pain, lacrimation, photophobia, and a sensation of a foreign body.
The causes of orbital damage are varied: a blow from a heavy object, a bruise from a fall, the introduction of foreign bodies, etc. The injuring objects can be knives, forks, pencils, ski poles, branches, shot or bullets from a gunshot wound.
Eyelid and conjunctival injuries look different depending on the nature of the damaging factor and the place of its application. In some cases, these may be small hemorrhages under the skin, while in others, they may be extensive ruptures and tears of the eyelids.
Eye injuries are one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness in the world, especially in young people, 50% of injuries occur before the age of 30.
A "blowout" orbital floor fracture is usually caused by a sudden increase in intraorbital pressure from an impact with an object greater than 5 cm in diameter, such as a fist or tennis ball.
