Changes in diffuse myocardium

The main part of the heart muscle, its middle, characterized by a special histological structure, is called the myocardium. The thickness of its walls consists of tightly connected cardiomyocytes - contractile cells of the muscle tissue of the heart, resistant to fatigue. Myocardium works continuously while the organism is alive, automatically performing rhythmic movements, contracting and relaxing under the influence of impulses, saturating the blood with oxygen and pumping it through the vessels to all organs and tissues. Diffuse changes in the myocardium are usually detected in diagnostic procedures (electrocardiogram, ultrasound of the heart) and are used as a marker requiring additional diagnostics. This is the conclusion of a diagnostic physician about the presence of decreased electrical activity on multiple areas of the heart muscle tissue , fairly evenly located in its structure, which speaks about the changes taking place there at the cellular level. Many factors can provoke such a restructuring, often several patients can combine several of them at once.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]

Causes of the diffuse changes in the myocardium

Almentary moment is almost always present both independently and in a complex of causes that cause the transformation of the cellular structure of the myocardium. Unbalanced and irregular nutrition, the predominance of fats and carbohydrates in food, a deficiency of vitamins causes dystrophic changes in the basic structure of the heart muscle.

Directly cardiological pathologies that cause diffuse changes in the myocardium are its inflammation of infectious, allergic and mixed genesis ( myocarditis ) and cell proliferation of scar tissue replacing cardiomyocytes ( myocardiosclerosis ), mainly developing against ischemic heart disease. In such cases, usually, the patient is worried about other symptoms, characteristic of cardiovascular pathologies.

Myocarditis is the main symptom of rheumatism and is considered separately from inflammation of the cardiac muscle of non-rheumatic origin - complications of chronic infections ( tonsillitis, caries ), acute infectious diseases (angina, influenza, children's infectious diseases), autoimmune pathologies ( systemic scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis ). Against this background, diffuse myocardiosclerosis can develop, which is characterized by multiple and relatively evenly distributed fragments of scar tissue in the myocardium.

To the deficiency of necessary substances in the body and the development of cardio-dystrophy leads to the presence of chronic diseases of various vital organs. Cardiomyocytes under such conditions are more quickly damaged and slower refreshed, eventually it contributes to a decrease in cardiac conduction and a violation of the rhythm of the heartbeat, which becomes apparent on the cardiogram. Risk factors for the development of diffuse changes are renal and hepatic insufficiency, leading to excessive excretion of vitamins, microelements, proteins or intoxication due to disruption of their metabolism processes; diabetes mellitus, which prevents the normal absorption of glucose; Enterocolitis, which disrupts the absorption of essential substances in the intestine; Atherosclerosis and vasoconstriction, anemia and other conditions that cause permanent hypoxia. Hormonal disorders due to diabetes mellitus, dysfunction of the adrenal gland and thyroid gland affect the course of biochemical processes in the body, which negatively affects the structure of the myocardium.

Similarly, the result may be the long-term use of hormonal, cardiotonic drugs, some other medicines (streptomycin, aminazine), alcohol and drugs.

The risk factors for the development of dystrophic changes in myocardial muscle tissue include the need to constantly work under conditions of increased stress in the absence of relaxation periods (stress, physical and / or mental overload); hypertension; hyperthyroidism; overweight; developmental defects; dehydration of the body; costs of the profession - constant contact with toxic substances, stressors, overheating.

With insignificant manifestation of diffuse changes in the myocardium and absence of symptoms of cardiac pathology, this diagnostic conclusion can be interpreted as an age variant of the norm.

[13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Pathogenesis

The essence of the process leading to diffuse changes in the myocardium is the violation of metabolic intracellular mechanisms. Transportation of potassium and sodium ions through the cellular membranes of cardiomyocytes is disturbed, which causes a mismatch between the phases of their depolarization and repolarization, that is, the cyclicity of contraction and relaxation of the striated muscles of the heart is disrupted. The arrhythmic process of contraction and relaxation of areas of muscle tissue fairly evenly distributed throughout its volume causes a disturbance of electrolyte balance in the blood, which leads to further imbalance and death of cardiomyocytes. If the pathogenetic links are temporary factors (medication, physical overexertion, inadequate nutrition, an infected infection, and the like), then upon termination of their action, the cellular metabolism is normalized and the amplitudes of electrical impulses at all sites become homogeneous. With prolonged exposure to the pathogenetic factor, the damage to cardiomyocytes becomes irreversible.

Diffuse (multiple and localized in different places) changes in the cellular structure of the myocardium develop over the years, this is a long process. Under the influence of one, and often several of the above-described factors, cells of the striated muscles of the myocardium are damaged in different places, not all are being restored, many are dying, they are replaced by cells of connective tissue. Connective tissue sites are not workers. At the very beginning of the process of cellular changes, it is considered reversible, later - it can be stopped and preserved undamaged areas with working cardiomyocytes. In the absence of treatment, working areas are reduced, and sclerotically altered ones grow, which causes a decrease in the contractility of the heart, an inability to pump the necessary amounts of blood. This leads to a disruption of nutrition and hypoxia of all organs due to circulatory disorders and the development of other pathological processes.

Inflammation of the cardiac muscle (myocarditis) and dystrophic changes in the myocardium are the main causes of the diagnostic conclusion about its destructuring. Statistics of morbidity makes patients with rheumatic myocarditis a separate group, which accounts for about 9-10% of all cases of heart disease. Registered cases of non-rheumatic myocarditis occur in about 1% of therapists' patients, however, this figure is considered underestimated, because according to autopsy data, myocarditis, which was not diagnosed during life, was found in 3% of the autopsied individuals. The largest group of patients with myocarditis (32%) is patients aged 41 to 50 years.

Sclerotic changes in the heart muscle in people who are responsible for their health, usually appear after 50 years. Male patients, according to statistical calculations, among patients with cardiosclerosis are twice as large as women.

[21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]

Symptoms of the diffuse changes in the myocardium

Often, the patient receives a diagnostic conclusion about changes in the structure of the heart muscle accidentally after a preventive medical examination, since at the very beginning, when the process is still reversible, he does not express himself with expressed symptoms. The first signs that you should pay attention to are inexplicably fast and regular fatigue, a little shortness of breath and heart rhythm failure, discomfort and sometimes quite minor pain sensations behind the sternum or aching pain, pale skin. Sometimes these symptoms are accompanied by emotional instability - tearfulness, irritability.

Diffuse changes in left ventricular myocardium, which provides transportation of oxygen-enriched blood to all body systems, can be a symptom of serious diseases, especially in elderly people suffering from high blood pressure, in particular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The left ventricle has a thicker layer of striated musculature, since the load on it is more intense than on the right, sending blood over a small circle to oxygenate into the lungs. In the right thickness of this layer of muscles is 2-2.5 times thinner. If diffuse changes are recorded in the left ventricle, then we can assume the presence of myocarditis in younger patients. The main symptoms of the inflammatory process in the myocardium are pain in the heart, arrhythmia, pallor, weakness, however, it can also be asymptomatic. Often the development of inflammation is preceded by infectious diseases, intoxications, including - medicinal and serum, allergies.

At the age of 50 years, sclerotic changes in the left ventricular muscular layer are more likely, resulting from dystrophic changes in cells under the influence of hypoxia or metabolic disorders that result from chronic illnesses in the patient. Myocardiosclerosis is manifested by shortness of breath and rapid fatigue, swelling of the extremities and peritoneum, dry heart cough at night, frequent pulse.

The general weakness in diffuse changes of the myocardium can speak of the development of coronary heart disease, which is long asymptomatic, and the constant fatigue and slight discomfort in the heart area are attributed to fatigue, meteorological dependence, stressful situations and other unfavorable factors. Dyspnea initially disturbs occasionally after considerable physical exertion, then she begins to disturb the patient and during rest. The symptomatology grows gradually and imperceptibly for the patient, for a long time. Later, the pain in the heart becomes almost constant, they can be joined by swelling of the limbs, and fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath become constant companions.

Diffuse changes in the myocardium in a child, including the left ventricle, due to the fact that the metabolic processes of the child's body are still in the stage of formation, may well be a variant of the age norm, especially insignificant. For children and adolescents, leading a sedentary lifestyle, changes in the structure of the muscle tissue of the heart can occur when there are increased for their usual way of loading. Also, this deviation from the norm may indicate the presence of a vegeto-vascular dystonia in the child .

Neither children, nor adults of any age group should not ignore such a diagnostic conclusion. It should be an occasion for a visit to the cardiologist, because early diagnosed pathologies are better amenable to therapy and at the initial stage can be corrected with the help of lifestyle and nutrition correction. Minor damage to the muscle cells of the heart experts believe reversible.

Moderate diffuse changes in the myocardium are usually not accompanied by marked manifestations of cardiac symptoms. At this stage, sites with reduced cardiac conduction are usually detected on an electrocardiogram. They are multiple and are found in all areas of the cardiac muscle. Moderately expressed diffuse changes in the myocardium can arise as a result of temporarily acting pathogenetic factors (dehydration, oxygen starvation, irrational nutrition, intoxication), and evidence of a developing disease, not necessarily cardiological, eg hyperthyroidism, adrenal neoplasm, other metabolic or hormonal disorders. To find out, additional diagnostic measures are needed.

Expressed diffuse changes in the myocardium almost always indicate the presence of a pathological process in the body. Patients may complain of shortness of breath, weakness, and retrosternal pain when the ischemic areas appear in the muscle tissue; swelling of the extremities in myocardiosclerosis; tremor, increased nervousness, weight loss with an excess of thyroid hormones; dizziness, dyspnea and fatigue in anemia. In any case, the patient should be carefully examined and consulted by the appropriate specialists.

The diagnostic conclusion about violations of the structure of the heart muscle can be formulated in different ways. What do they mean? What are the types of diffuse changes?

A specialist who makes an electrocardiogram sees changes in the electrical activity of certain parts of the myocardium. It is sometimes changed significantly, although normally all areas should be homogeneous. If the multiple foci of changes are uniformly distributed throughout the myocardium, then this lesion, as already mentioned above, is diffuse, and not focal, in which there is one, at most - two foci of altered conductivity. In these areas, cardiomyocytes have already undergone changes to some extent, they are depleted and can not provide normal contractility, this is what the diagnostic conclusion-diffusive-dystrophic changes in the myocardium says. Damage of this nature is already considered irreversible.

The initial stages of depletion of cardiomyocytes are described as diffuse nonspecific changes in the myocardium. This means that the electrical activity of the heart muscle, reflected on the cardiogram, is not homogeneous, nothing more. It diffusive changes do not reflect the specificity of the disease that caused them, whereas foci are specific, for example, for a transferred myocardial infarction and indicate its localization. In its focus, a scar is formed from the connective tissue, the cells of which do not have a contractile ability, and the damaged area itself becomes electrically inert. Diffuse can also indicate a variety of different pathologies and require additional diagnoses for diagnosis. This conclusion speaks rather about reversible moderately expressed transformations of cardiomyocytes.

They can still be formulated as diffuse metabolic changes in the myocardium. This formulation suggests that the process of cellular metabolism has been disrupted. This condition can cause an alimentary factor, excess weight, high loads. It can be a consequence of severe acute pathologies, as well as chronic, for example, diabetes mellitus. If the factor causing it, ceases to function, the condition of cardiomyocytes comes back to normal and the electrical activity of the sites on the cardiogram aligns. However, if the cause is not established, then the disturbances in the cellular metabolism will lead to sustained dystrophic changes, and subsequently to the development of cardiosclerosis. In this case, the diagnostic conclusion may look like diffuse fibro-sclerotic changes in the myocardium. This suggests that the sclerosis process is developing, irreversible changes have occurred and the areas of muscle tissue are replaced by fibrous tissue. On the cardiogram in these places, the amplitude of the impulses is not simply reduced, but even areas of their complete absence are observed. This is how the most pronounced damage to muscle tissue occurs, which already indicates the presence of cardiosclerosis.

Diffusely-repolarization changes in the myocardium mean a decrease in electrical conductivity at multiple evenly distributed areas of the heart muscle. In older patients, children and adolescents, this may be the norm option. At the same time, repolarization processes can be disrupted after starvation, high loads, stress, and infectious diseases. With this formulation, heart disease and other organs can not be ruled out. In fact - this is a synonym for diffuse nonspecific or metabolic changes and only says that it is necessary to undergo examination and consult with a doctor in order to establish the cause of what is happening

[29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]

Complications and consequences

Moderate and asymptomatic changes in the cellular structure of the myocardium, found on an electrocardiogram, usually reflect the initial stage of their development and can often be eliminated even by non-medicinal methods.

However, to hope that everything will pass without any effort on the part of the patient is still not worth it. In metabolic changes, if not to eliminate their cause, the heart also tries to adapt to hypoxia and nutrient deficiency by switching to anaerobic metabolism, reducing the production of adenosine triphosphate, which serves as an energy source for contractile muscle activity. In the myocardium there are areas of ischemia, cells undergo dystrophic changes, and they are irreversible. The most frequent consequence of cardiomyocyte dystrophy is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which often has an alcoholic etiology. This is one of the most common causes of the development of functional disorders of the myocardium and sudden cardiac death, and far from old age.

The consequence of diffusive-dystrophic changes in the myocardium is the growing atrophy of cardiomyocytes and the formation in their place of small connective tissue sites. The contracting activity of the heart muscle becomes insufficient, almost all organs and systems experience a lack of oxygen, which leads to the development of other pathologies. Diffuse cardiosclerosis is an incurable disease, a very common cause of death of the population, the cardinal treatment of which is currently surgical.

In addition, diffuse changes in the myocardium can be symptoms of chronic diseases of other organs, which also need to be established and treated as soon as possible.

[35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]

Diagnostics of the diffuse changes in the myocardium

To determine the cause that caused the change in electrical conductivity at multiple sites scattered throughout the myocardium, it is necessary to undergo additional examinations.

The doctor usually prescribes blood tests:

• general clinical (in terms of the blood formula can determine the presence of anemia and inflammatory process);
• to the level of glucose;
• on the level of thyroid hormones;
• hepatic tests ( biochemical blood test ) to evaluate liver function.

The indicators of the general analysis of urine will allow to estimate work of kidneys.

At the same time, instrumental diagnostics is carried out. An electrocardiogram is usually made by the patient by this time, although to eliminate the error, such a simple and non-invasive procedure can be repeated. Diffusive changes in the myocardium on the ECG are recorded according to the following signs: a decrease in cardiac conduction and the ability of the heart muscle to contract; heart rhythm disturbances; presence of a syndrome of premature repolarization of the ventricles; low amplitude of the QRS complex. In addition, electrocardiography under stress may be prescribed, an examination of the change in ECG parameters during the day.

The patient is also subjected to ultrasound examination of the heart (ECHO-cardiography), internal organs of the peritoneum, thyroid gland.

More specific tests, for example, immunological, and also - chest radiography, computer or magnetic resonance tomography, radioisotope study of the myocardium may be needed. It depends on the presumptive diagnosis.

[45], [46]

Differential diagnosis

According to the researches and complaints of the patient, the medical history is compiled and differential diagnostics is carried out by excluding the most dangerous diseases requiring immediate treatment (pre-infarction, ischemia and inflammation of the myocardium).

Treatment of the diffuse changes in the myocardium

The choice of treatment tactics is individual. It depends on the diagnosis and aims to eliminate the cause of the pathology and, if not recover, at least maintain the working capacity of the remaining part of the muscle tissue without damage.

A healthy lifestyle, including the rejection of bad habits, the optimization of the daily routine, diet, physical and psychoemotional loads, in this case is of paramount importance. In nutrition, you need to focus on dietary meat and fish, caviar, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Food is preferably baked, stewed or boiled, eaten dairy products, whole grain bread, porridge. There are no strict restrictions, however, food is better for nedosalivat, pickles, smoked products, canned goods, strong tea and coffee, sweet fizzy drinks, sweets, fatty food should be excluded.

The patient should fully rest, get enough sleep, spend more time in the open air, try not to be nervous. With moderate dystrophic changes, this is enough.

A course of vitamin therapy may be prescribed. For example, multivitamin preparations, including vitamins of group B, ascorbic acid, vitamins A and E, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, coenzyme Q10.

The drug  Magne B6 contains the necessary for the life of cells magnesium and vitamin B6, which facilitates the absorption of this element from the digestive tract and its penetration into cells of muscle tissue. Tablets are taken in two or three ways, with plenty of water. Addressed to patients over six years of age. A child per day can be prescribed from four to six tablets, per kilogram of his weight should be 10-30 mg of the drug, a daily dose of adults is six to eight tablets.

Increase the contractility of the myocardium, caused by a violation of electrolyte balance, hypoxia, metabolic changes can  Panangin. This preparation contains components such as magnesium and potassium in the form of asparaginate, which promotes the active transport of divalent magnesium and potassium through cell membranes. These substances are indispensable in processes accompanied by the release and consumption of energy. There is evidence that the therapy with this drug is able to completely normalize the metabolic processes in the myocardium and the rhythm of the heartbeat, which will affect the control electrocardiogram. Take the pill after eating, squeezed enough water, three times a day for one or two. The maximum daily intake for adults is nine tablets divided into three doses.

Preparations with magnesium are not prescribed for severe renal failure, as well as for patients sensitized to components. The result of taking high doses of the drug may be diarrhea, as well as other symptoms of digestive disorders.

To prevent the development of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, hypoxia, an anemia in the treatment regimen may include a complex vitamin preparation  Angiovit, which includes three vitamin B groups - pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9), cyanocobalamin (B12 ). These vitamins are indispensable for normal blood formation and functioning of the nervous system, contribute to the strengthening of the vascular walls, vitamin B6 activates the production of contractile proteins in the tissues of the heart muscle. Contraindication for taking is individual sensitization of the patient to the ingredients of the medication. Tablets are taken one at a time at any time, with plenty of water.

To  increase and normalize metabolic processes in the myocardium, it is possible with the help of the Actovegin biopreparation  by activating the delivery of glucose and oxygen to the cardiomyocytes, as well as their accumulation and intracellular cleavage, which promotes a faster metabolism of adenosine triphosphate and an increase in cellular energy resources. In addition, the drug activates the process of blood supply to the heart muscle and has an antioxidant effect. As a result of the drug, skin allergic reactions, hyperhidrosis and hyperthermia are not excluded. Take orally one or two tablets three times a day before meals. Drink plenty of water.

When a disease that caused diffuse changes in the myocardium is detected, a specific therapy is prescribed: antibacterial and hormonal in myocarditis, antihypertensive, diuretic, cardiotonic, depending on the revealed pathology.

The treatment regimen includes physiotherapeutic procedures. They are also prescribed only by the doctor individually, depending on the detected disorders, their degree and associated diseases. Physiotherapeutic treatment is considered one of the safest methods. In cardiology, physical effects of electric current, magnetic waves, laser, medical baths are used. In exchange disorders in the myocardium, an effective procedure is electrosleep, potassium-magnesium-electrophoresis, the effect of D'Arsonval currents on the heart region, balneotherapy. Massage and physiotherapy exercises may be recommended.

Alternative treatment

First of all, it is necessary to include in the diet products necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. It is recommended to lean on the most common apples containing a whole vitamin-mineral complex, pectins, acids, carbohydrates and fiber. The fruit grows in our climatic zone, has been used to us since childhood and extremely rarely causes allergic reactions. More exotic, but very useful for the myocardium are pomegranates, grapefruits and persimmons, rich in potassium, magnesium, B vitamins and vitamins C necessary for their assimilation. Pumpkin, cereals, flax seed and oil, beans and kidney beans, sea fish - herring, mackerel , cod, cauliflower and broccoli, young potatoes, walnuts - affordable and very useful products for the heart muscle.

A special place is garlic. It can be used in salads, sauces and snacks. It is based on the preparation of many drugs that strengthen the heart muscle. For example, garlic oil, for the preparation of which one garlic is taken, is cleaned and put in glassware. To measure a glass of unrefined sunflower oil, pour the cloves of garlic and leave for a day, from time to time shaking the oil infusion. The next day, add freshly squeezed juice from one lemon in it, mix everything thoroughly and put it in a cool, sheltered place from the light for a week, during which you periodically get the dishes with the mixture and shaken. Therapeutic single dose - one teaspoon, which must be swallowed half an hour before breakfast, lunch and dinner. Duration of admission is 90 days. A second course of treatment is carried out in a month.

Fellow garlic onions also useful to use to strengthen the heart muscle, and green onions, whenever possible. With onions, too, there are different drugs, for example, you can mix juice from an onion turnip with the same volume of honey and take a month for a tablespoon before four meals. Every day you need to prepare a new mixture. If necessary, a weekly break is made, after which the course of treatment can be repeated.

Alternative medicine is widely practicing herbal treatment of impaired cardiac muscle functions. Digitalis, valerian, motherwort, hawthorn are also used in the pharmaceutical industry in the form of alcoholic tinctures, tablets, herbal preparations.

From the fruits of hawthorn, you can brew tea, combine them well in equal proportions with the hips and drink this drink instead of regular tea.

Infusion of dry flowers of hawthorn take on a tablespoon three times a day. For preparation on a glass of boiling water take a teaspoon of dried flowers.

Infusion of fruits of this plant is recommended to take with inflammation of the myocardium, for which a tablespoon of dry raw material is brewed with a glass of boiling water and two hours later take three tablespoons each three meals a day.

You can mix pharmaceutical tinctures of propolis and hawthorn in equal amounts, then take 15-20 drops for half an hour before breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Hawthorn is included in the compositions of many herbal mixtures, for example, such: mix four tablespoons of its fruits, herb weedweed and motherwort, add one tablespoon of chamomile flowers. We steal for the night (not less, than for eight hours) in a thermos a table spoon of a phyto-mix 200ml of boiling water. In the morning, strain and take three times a day on a tablespoon, slightly warming the portion of the infusion before the reception. Cook fresh infusion every two days. The course of treatment is designed for two weeks.

With myocarditis it is recommended to prepare infusion from such a mixture: mix in equal amounts the flowers and fruits of hawthorn, hips, herbaceous leaves, nettles and lemon balms, lovage roots and valerian. All dried plants must be crushed before mixing. Then, for half an hour, a tablespoon of a mixture of 250ml of boiling water is brewed. Filter and drink during the day for three to four times.

[47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53]

Homeopathy

Healing properties of hawthorn to restore the working capacity of the heart muscle were also noticed by the ancestors of this direction of medicine. Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) is prescribed as a monopreparation for violations of myocardial function, its inflammation and dystrophy. Beneficial effect on patients suffering from this, anemia, increased and decreased pressure, diabetes, supports cardiac activity in severe infectious diseases. As a component it is included in complex homeopathic preparations used for the treatment of cardiac pathologies.

For example, the sublingual drops of  Kralonin  contain not only fruits, but also inflorescences and leaves of hawthorn, as well as Spigelia and Kalium carbonicum, which supplement the potentiating effect of hawthorn, as a result of which the rate of therapeutic action increases, and it persists more long time. Homeopathic remedy eliminates discomfort in the chest area, normalizes pressure and heart rate by prolonging the refractory period, reduces the need for oxygen in the heart muscle, in addition, the patient improves blood circulation and puffiness disappears. Drops have a mild sedative effect. Do not have contraindications and side effects. The drug is prescribed from the age of six: seven drops - up to 12 years, older - ten (maximum 15-20) at a time. A triple reception is suggested. You can drip a daily dose in a glass of water and drink during the day, dividing into several equal parts. Within two weeks, the therapeutic effect of taking is usually noticeable.

In homeopathy, with dystrophic changes in the cardiac muscle, Adonis, Apocynum, Arnica, Arsenicum album, Calcarea arsenicosa, Fucus (Fucus), Adonis (Adonis), Arnica, ), Kali carbonicum (Kali carbonicum) and many other preparations.

The use of complex homeopathic remedies "Heel" to stimulate the respiratory function of cells and processes of intracellular metabolism  Coenzyme compositum, placenta compositum  and  Ubiquinone compositum  can provide adequate oxygenation of cardiomyocytes, enhance immunity, remove intoxication, restore trophism and lost functions. They can be used concomitantly with other drugs. Catalysts of tissue respiration and metabolic processes are designed for injections, but it is possible to use them orally as a drinking solution. Dosed individually, depending on the cause and extent of the lesion, as well as the presence of concomitant diseases.

With deficiency in cells of nutrients and oxygen starvation of different genesis, Eskulus compositum drops can be effective  , however, if the damage of myocardial cells is not caused by diseases of the thyroid gland and lupus erythematosus. This drug is not recommended for patients with leukemia, tuberculosis and multiple sclerosis, pregnant and lactating women. Patients older than six years of age, ten drops are bred in 50ml of water and drunk, trying to hold in their mouth, half an hour before meals or an hour after. Patients aged between three and six years dispensed five drops. Drops can not be diluted, but drip immediately under the tongue.

Individual reactions of sensitization are a contraindication for all drugs.

Self-medication with homeopathic medications, despite their safety and minor side effects, is not recommended.

Surgery

Heart surgery is used only in the case of the advanced stage of diffuse cardiosclerosis, when conservative treatment is ineffective and the heart muscle does not cope with its functions. Indication for surgical intervention is the course of the disease, which threatens the life of the patient.

Cardinal surgery is considered to be heart transplantation. Such an intervention is carried out only in extreme cases, when the cardiac output of the patient is less than 20% of the norm, which can lead to tissue necrosis. Usually such operations are performed by patients not older than 65 years old and without severe chronic diseases of other organs.

In order to save sites with working cardiomyocytes to ensure their blood supply bypassing the sclerosed artery, normal blood flow is created through the transplant, taken from the patient himself (bypass of the heart arteries).

Also, patients with severe cardiac rhythm disturbances can be implanted with a pacemaker - a generator of electrical impulses that induce the heart muscle to properly and rhythmically contract.

Operative treatment is also performed according to indications in such complications of cardiosclerosis as aneurysm or acquired heart defects.

Prevention

The best way to prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system is a healthy lifestyle, including the rejection of bad habits, active rest and a balanced diet.

After the detection of diffuse changes in the myocardium, even if they were caused by temporary factors, and the condition subsequently normalized, it is necessary to monitor the situation regularly, periodically undergoing a medical examination and visiting a cardiologist.

[54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65]

Forecast

Causes that can cause diffuse changes in the myocardium are many, some of them have no effect on the activity of the heart muscle and are not a prerequisite for serious deterioration in health, quality and longevity. Having received such an electrocardiographic examination should not be discouraged, however, and to neglect this warning is not worth it. It is necessary to be surveyed and if possible to find out the reason of occurrence of such syndrome. Even if any disease is found, early diagnosis and timely measures will lead, most likely, to recovery or a significant improvement in the condition. A correction of lifestyle, diet, parting with bad habits will avoid the occurrence of complications and aggravation of the situation.

[66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75]