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Immunity

Immunoelectrophoresis of blood proteins

Immunoglobulinopathies, or gammopathies, comprise a large group of pathological conditions characterized by polyclonal or monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. Immunoglobulins consist of two heavy (H) chains (molecular weight 50,000) and two light (L) chains (molecular weight 25,000).

Circulating immune complexes in the blood

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) are complexes consisting of antigens, antibodies and associated complement components C3, C4, C1q. Normally, immune complexes formed in the bloodstream are phagocytized and destroyed. When their size increases (with an excess of antigens and the presence of IgM, complement component C1q in their structure), the complexes can be deposited in the perivascular space and the renal cortex, causing complement activation and inflammatory processes.

Immunoglobulin E in the blood

The half-life of immunoglobulin E is 3 days in blood serum and 14 days on the membranes of mast cells and basophils. Upon repeated contact with the antigen (allergen), the interaction of reagin antibodies and antigens occurs on the surface of basophils and mast cells.

Immunoglobulin G in the blood

Immunoglobulin G is the main component of the γ-globulin fraction of blood serum. They make up the bulk of all human Ig (80%) and are the most important effectors of humoral immunity.

Immunoglobulin M in the blood

Immunoglobulin M belongs to the γ-globulin fraction and makes up approximately 5% of it. They are the first to be produced in response to acute infection, implementing antibacterial immunity.

Immunoglobulin A in the blood

Immunoglobulin A includes two types of specific proteins: serum and secretory. Immunoglobulin A in the blood serum is in the form of a monomer (90% IgA1), is part of the β-globulin fraction and makes up to 15% of the Ig of the blood serum.

Comprehensive study of the immune status of the organism

Currently, clinical immunology has become a link between a number of medical disciplines. Its main tasks include diagnostics, prognosis and development of methods for treating human diseases accompanied by various defects of the immune system.