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Immunity

Immunogram

An immunogram (also known as an immunologic blood test) is a medical procedure that is designed to evaluate the function of the immune system by analyzing blood.

Immunologic studies in urology

Prescribing an immunogram to a urological patient means that the attending physician suspects the presence of disorders in the immune system. Recurring bacterial, viral, fungal infections, allergic manifestations, systemic diseases can be signs of these disorders, which are characterized by a number of syndromes (infectious, oncological, allergic, autoimmune, lymphoproliferative).

Complement system

The complement system consists of 9 sequentially activated components and 3 inhibitors. This system plays an important role, especially in inflammation and in the development of the body's resistance to infectious agents.

Spontaneous NST test

The spontaneous NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) test allows one to evaluate the state of the oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanism of blood phagocytes (granulocytes) in vitro. It characterizes the state and degree of activation of the intracellular NADPH-oxidase antibacterial system.

Phagocytosis study

Phagocytosis is the absorption of large particles by a cell that are visible under a microscope (e.g., microorganisms, large viruses, damaged cell bodies, etc.). The process of phagocytosis can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the particles are bound to the surface of the membrane. In the second phase, the actual absorption of the particle and its subsequent destruction occur.

Stimulated blast transformation reaction of lymphocytes with mitogens

The functional activity of T- and B-lymphocytes is assessed by the reaction of blast transformation of lymphocytes using mitogens - PHA, ConA, latex, lipopolysaccharides, etc.

Spontaneous lymphocyte blast transformation reaction

Spontaneous blast transformation of lymphocytes is the ability of lymphocytes to transform without stimulation. The study is performed to assess the functional activity of T-lymphocytes.

Reaction of inhibition of leukocyte migration in blood

The leukocyte migration inhibition test allows one to evaluate the ability of T-lymphocytes to produce lymphokines in response to antigen stimulation. This test for evaluating the functional activity of T-lymphocytes can be used to diagnose immunological deficiency (reaction with mitogens), delayed-type hypersensitivity (allergy) (reaction with a specific antigen or allergen).

NK-lymphocytes (CD56) in the blood

CD56 lymphocytes are effector cells of cellular immunity responsible for antiviral, antitumor and transplant immunity (see above CD16 lymphocytes). A decrease in the number of CD56 lymphocytes leads to the development of oncological diseases and aggravation of the course of viral infections.

T-lymphocytes with receptors to interleukin-2 (CD25) in blood

CD25 - activated T-lymphocytes that stimulate antibody formation and cytotoxicity. This indicator reflects the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate and characterizes the functional state of activated T-lymphocytes.