Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in blood

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a membrane enzyme of pancreatic β-cells. Antibodies to GAD are a very informative marker for the diagnosis of prediabetes, as well as for identifying individuals with a high risk of developing the disease (sensitivity 70%, specificity 99%).

Blood insulin antibodies

ELISA is used to detect IgG autoantibodies to insulin in blood serum. Long-term insulin therapy usually causes an increase in the amount of circulating antibodies to the administered insulin drug in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Autoantibodies to islet cell antigens in blood

Detection of autoantibodies to islet cell antigens has the greatest prognostic value in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. They appear 1-8 years before the clinical manifestation of the disease.

Autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase in blood

Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme tightly bound to the granular endoplasmic reticulum of the epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles. It oxidizes iodides in the follicles to active iodine and iodizes tyrosine.

Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in blood

Serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies are antibodies to the precursor of thyroid hormones. They bind thyroglobulin, disrupting hormone synthesis and causing hypothyroidism.

Thyroidmicrosomal autoantibodies in blood

Determination of antibodies to the microsomal fraction of the thyroid gland is used to diagnose autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism, in which the level of antibodies in the blood increases. Antibodies to thyroid microsomes form immune complexes on the surface of cells, activate complement and cytotoxic lymphocytes, which leads to cell destruction and the formation of an inflammatory process in the thyroid gland.

Lupus anticoagulant in the blood.

Lupus anticoagulant is an IgG class Ig and is an antibody against negatively charged phospholipids. It received its name due to its effect on phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests and was first identified in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Antibodies to cardiolipin in blood

Anticardiolipin antibodies are antibodies to phospholipids (cardiolipin - diphosphatidylglycerol) of cell membranes, the leading indicator of the presence of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients. Antibodies to cardiolipin are the main fraction of antibodies to phospholipids.

Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a group of rheumatic diseases and is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to phospholipids. The causes of autoantibody formation have not been precisely established.

C-reactive protein in the blood

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein consisting of 5 identical, non-covalently linked ring subunits. C-reactive protein is determined in the blood serum during various inflammatory and necrotic processes and is an indicator of the acute phase of their course.