Botulism (ichthyism, allantiism; English botulism, allantiasis, sausage-poisoning; French botulisme. allantiasis; German Botulismus Wurst-Vergiftung, Fleischvergtftung) is an acute infectious disease from the group of saprozoonoses with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism, developing as a result of consuming food products in which the pathogen's toxin has accumulated, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses.
The possibilities of etiotropic treatment of tetanus are very limited. Surgical treatment of wounds is performed to remove non-viable tissues, foreign bodies, open pockets, create an outflow of wound discharge, which prevents further production of toxin by the pathogen. Before treatment, the wound is injected with anti-tetanus serum in a dose of 1000-3000 IU. Surgical manipulations are performed under general anesthesia to avoid seizures.
Tetanus is diagnosed early if trismus, sardonic smile and dysphagia are detected. Later, rigidity of the muscles of the back of the head appears; hypertonicity spreads to other muscles of the body, technical convulsions join, the characteristic feature of which is the preservation of hypertonicity; muscles after the attack. The distinctive feature of the disease is clear consciousness, fever, sweating and hypersalivation.
Tetanus has an incubation period of 1 to 31 days (1-2 weeks on average), i.e. tetanus symptoms in case of minor injuries (splinter, abrasion, etc.) appear after they have completely healed. It has been proven that the shorter the incubation period, the more severe the disease.
The cause of tetanus is Clostridium tetani (genus Clostridium, family Basillaceae) - a large gram-positive rod, polytrich, has more than 20 flagella, an obligate anaerobe. When oxygen is available, it forms spores.
Tetanus is a wound infection caused by the toxin of the anaerobic spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani, characterized by damage to the nervous system with attacks of tonic and tetanic convulsions.
Treatment of Lyme disease is based on the use of antibacterial drugs, the doses and duration of which are determined by the stage and form of the disease. Timely treatment promotes rapid recovery and prevents the process from becoming chronic.
Laboratory diagnostics of Lyme disease is based on the use of the following methods: detection of DNA fragments in PCR and determination of antibodies to Borrelia.
The onset of the disease is acute or subacute. The first symptoms of Lyme disease are non-specific: fatigue, chills, fever, increased temperature, headache, dizziness, weakness, muscle aches, pain in bones and joints.
The geographic distribution of Lyme disease is similar to that of tick-borne encephalitis, which can lead to simultaneous infection with two pathogens and the development of mixed infection.
