Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (dermatology)

Congenital melanocytic nevi

Congenital melanocytic nevi (syn: birthmarks, giant pigmented nevi) are melanocytic nevi that exist from birth. Small congenital nevi do not exceed 1.5 cm in diameter.

According to the WHO classification (1995), the following types of melanocytic nevi are distinguished: borderline; complex (mixed); intradermal; epithelioid and/or spindle cell; balloon cell nevus; halo nevus; giant pigmented nevus; fibrous papule of the nose (involutional nevus); blue nevus; cellular blue nevus.

Hypopigmentation and depigmentation of the skin: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Hypopigmentation and depigmentation of the skin are accompanied by a significant decrease or complete disappearance of melanin. They can be congenital and acquired, limited and diffuse. An example of congenital depigmentation is albinism.

Hyperpigmentation of the skin

Disruption of melanogenesis leads either to excessive formation of melanin, or to a significant decrease in its content or its complete disappearance - depigmentation.

Corticosteroid skin atrophy: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Corticosteroid skin atrophy is one of the side effects of long-term corticosteroid therapy, general or local. The degree of skin atrophy in these cases varies, up to thinning of the entire skin, which looks senile, easily injured.

Poikiloderma vascular atrophic: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Vascular atrophic poikiloderma (syn.: Jacobi poikiloderma, erythematous reticular atrophoderma of Müller, etc.) is clinically manifested by a combination of atrophic changes in the skin, de- and hyperpigmentation, spotted or reticular hemorrhages and telangiectasias, which gives the skin a peculiar "motley" appearance.

Striated skin atrophy: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Stripe atrophy of the skin (syn. stripe atrophoderma) is a peculiar skin atrophy in the form of narrow, wavy, sunken stripes. The etiology and pathogenesis have not been established.

Atrophoderma verruciformis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Atrophoderma vermiformis (syn.: vermiform acne, symmetrical reticular atrophoderma of the face, reticular cicatricial erythematous folliculitis, etc.). Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown.

Mineral metabolism disorders (mineral dystrophies): causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

In the skin, the most important is the disruption of calcium metabolism (calcinosis of the skin). Calcium plays a major role in the permeability of cell membranes, excitability of nerve formations, blood clotting, regulation of acid-base metabolism, and formation of the skeleton.

Chromoprotein metabolism disorder: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Disturbances in the metabolism of chromoproteins affect both exogenous and endogenous pigments. Endogenous pigments (chromoproteins) are divided into three types: hemoglobinogenic, proteinogenic, and lipidogenic. Disturbances consist of a decrease or increase in the amount of pigments formed under normal conditions, or the appearance of pigments formed under pathological conditions.