Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Symptomatic anemias

The development of anemia is possible in a number of pathological conditions that seem to be unrelated to the hematopoietic system. Diagnostic difficulties, as a rule, do not arise if the underlying disease is known and the anemic syndrome does not prevail in the clinical picture.

Anemia of prematurity

The main factors contributing to the development of anemia in the first year of life in premature or low birth weight infants are cessation of erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, folate deficiency, and vitamin E deficiency.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome was first described as an independent disease by Gasser et al. in 1955, characterized by a combination of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure, and is fatal in 45-60% of cases.

Methemoglobinemia

Methemoglobin, unlike normal hemoglobin, does not contain reduced iron (Fe2+), but oxidized iron (Fe3+), and in the process of reversible oxygenation, oxyhemoglobin (Hb O2) is partially oxidized into methemoglobin (Mt Hb).

Deficiency of glucose phosphatidase activity

In heterozygotes, the activity of glucose phosphate isomerase in erythrocytes is 40-60% of the norm, the disease is asymptomatic. In homozygotes, the enzyme activity is 14-30% of the norm, the disease occurs as hemolytic anemia. The first manifestations of the disease can be observed already in the neonatal period - pronounced jaundice, anemia, splenomegaly are noted.

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is a group of diseases, the main symptom of which is depression of bone marrow hematopoiesis according to bone marrow aspirate and biopsy data and peripheral pancytopenia (anemia of varying severity, thrombocytopenia, leukogranulocytopenia and reticulocytopenia) in the absence of diagnostic signs of leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, myelopathy and tumor metastases.

Fanconi anemia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Fanconi anemia was first described in 1927 by Swiss pediatrician Guido Fanconi, who reported three brothers with pancytopenia and physical defects. The term Fanconi anemia was proposed by Naegeli in 1931 to describe the combination of familial Fanconi anemia and congenital physical defects.

Vitamin B6-deficiency anemias: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Vitamin B6 is found in large quantities in fresh vegetables, cereals, yeast, meat, egg yolks and other products. Therefore, true hypo- or avitaminosis of vitamin B6 is very rare and mainly occurs in infants.

Sideroblastic anemias in children

Anemias associated with impaired synthesis or utilization of porphyrins (sideroachrestic, sideroblastic anemias) are a heterogeneous group of diseases, hereditary and acquired, associated with impaired activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of porphyrins and heme. The term "sideroachrestic anemia" was introduced by Heylmeyer (1957). In sideroachrestic anemias, the level of iron in the blood serum is elevated.

Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia develops as a result of long-term recurring minor bleeding. Chronic posthemorrhagic anemia in children is the main cause of iron deficiency conditions.