Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Bone tumors in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Bone tumors account for 5-9% of all malignant neoplasms in childhood. Histologically, bones consist of several types of tissue: bone, cartilage, fibrous and hematopoietic bone marrow. Accordingly, bone tumors can have different origins and differ significantly in diversity.

Brain tumors in children

Brain tumors in children have a number of features compared to adults. First of all, this is a high frequency of infratentorially located formations (2/3, or 42-70%, of brain tumors in children) with predominant damage (up to 35-65%) to the structures of the posterior cranial fossa. Among the nosological forms, astrocytomas of varying degrees of differentiation, medulloblastoma, ependymomas and gliomas of the brainstem predominate in frequency.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) in children

Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue with a specific granulomatous histological structure. The disease occurs in all age groups, with the exception of children in the first year of life; it is rare at the age of up to 5 years. Among all lymphomas in children, Hodgkin's disease accounts for about 40%.

How are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated?

Initial treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is performed through a peripheral catheter, central vein catheterization is performed under general anesthesia simultaneously with diagnostic procedures. Monitoring of biochemical parameters is mandatory for timely detection of metabolic disorders.

Diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The key element of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnostics is obtaining a tumor substrate. A surgical tumor biopsy is routinely performed to obtain a sufficient amount of material. The tumor's nature is verified based on cytological and histological examination with an assessment of morphology and immunohistochemistry, based on cytogenetic and molecular analysis.

Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are tumors of lymphoid cells of various histogenetic origins and degrees of differentiation. The group includes more than 25 diseases. The differences in the biology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are due to the characteristics of the cells that form them. It is the constituent cells that determine the clinical picture, sensitivity to therapy, and long-term prognosis.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a collective name for a group of systemic malignant tumors of the immune system that originate from cells of extramedullary lymphoid tissue.

How is acute myeloblastic leukemia treated?

In modern hematology, leukemia therapy, including acute myeloblastic, must be carried out in specialized hospitals according to strict programs. The program (protocol) includes a list of studies required for diagnostics and a strict schedule for their implementation. After completion of the diagnostic stage, the patient receives treatment provided for by this protocol, with strict adherence to the timing and order of the elements of therapy.

Acute myeloblastic leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia accounts for one fifth of all acute leukemias in children. The prevalence of acute myeloid leukemia worldwide is approximately the same, at 5.6 cases per 1,000,000 children.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a group of clinically heterogeneous clonal malignancies of lymphocyte precursor cells that usually share distinct genetic and immunophenotypic characteristics. Secondary abnormalities in cellular differentiation and/or proliferation result in increased production and accumulation of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and infiltration of lymph nodes and parenchymatous organs. Untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia rapidly becomes fatal.