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Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Chronic myeloleukemia in children

The incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia is 0.12 per 100,000 children per year, i.e. chronic myeloid leukemia accounts for 3% of all leukemias in children. The juvenile type of chronic myeloid leukemia usually appears in children under 2-3 years of age and is characterized by a combination of anemic, hemorrhagic, intoxication, and proliferative syndromes.

Leukemia in children

Leukemia is a general name for malignant tumors arising from hematopoietic cells, which account for approximately 1/3 of all oncological morbidity in children. Oncological morbidity (leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors) in Russia is about 15 cases per year per 10,000 children and adolescents, which in absolute figures is more than 15,000 children newly diagnosed with the disease per year.

Liver tumors in children

Among malignant tumors, hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most common. Several congenital anomalies are known that increase the risk of liver tumors: hemihypertrophy, congenital agenesis of the kidneys or adrenal glands, Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (organomegaly, omphalocele, macroglossia, hemihypertrophy), Meckel's diverticulum. The following diseases also increase the risk of liver tumors.

Germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors originate from pluripotent germ cells. Disruption of differentiation of these cells leads to the development of embryonic carcinoma and teratoma (embryonic lineage) or choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor (extraembryonic differentiation pathway).

Retinoblastoma in children

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in pediatric ophthalmology. It is a congenital tumor of the embryonic structures of the retina, the first signs of which appear at an early age. Retinoblastoma can occur sporadically or be inherited.

Neuroblastoma

The term "neuroblastoma" was introduced by James Wright in 1910. Currently, neuroblastoma is understood as an embryonic tumor arising from the precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. One of the important differential diagnostic characteristics of the tumor is increased production of catecholamines and excretion of their metabolites in the urine.

Classification of soft tissue sarcomas

Histologically, soft tissue sarcomas are extremely heterogeneous. Below are presented variants of malignant sarcomas and histogenetically corresponding tissue types. Soft tissue sarcomas also include extraosseous tumors of bone and cartilage tissue (extraosseous osteosarcoma, myxoid and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma).

Soft tissue sarcomas in children

Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumors originating from primitive mesenchymal tissue. They account for about 7-11% of all malignant neoplasms in childhood. Half of soft tissue sarcomas are rhabdomyosarcomas. Along with rhabdomyosarcomas, synovial sarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and neurofibrosarcomas are the most common tumors in children.

Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in childhood. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life. The incidence in children under 15 is 3.4 per 1,000,000 children. Boys are affected somewhat more often.

Osteosarcoma in children

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant primary bone tumor composed of spindle cells and characterized by the formation of osteoid or immature bone tissue.