Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Brachymetacarpy: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Brachymetacarpia is a congenital defect caused by a violation of the differentiation of the bone-articular apparatus of the hand and expressed in the shortening of the metacarpal bones.

Humeral and radioulnar synostosis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Radial-humeral synostosis (Keutel et al. syndrome, 1970) is a congenital defect caused by a violation of differentiation of the bone-articular apparatus of the arm and characterized by a pronounced shortening of the upper limb, fusion of the humerus and curved radius (absence of the elbow joint), underdevelopment or absence of the ulna, aplasia of one to four rays of the hand, and significant underdevelopment of the muscles.

Aplasia of the hand

Aplasia of the hand is a complete absence of the rays of the hand with only the bones of the wrist present on the affected side. With such developmental defects, only prosthetics are possible.

Brachydactyly: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Brachydactyly is a congenital malformation of the hand, in which, depending on the severity, underdevelopment or absence of the middle phalanges, middle and proximal phalanges, or middle, proximal phalanges, and metacarpal bones is observed.

Congenital flexion-adduction contracture of the first finger of the hand: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital flexion-adduction contracture of the first finger of the hand is found in the overwhelming majority of cases in patients with congenital multiple or distal type of arthrogryposis. In this case, flexion contracture in the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and adduction of the first ray to the palm, deficit of soft tissues on the palmar surface of the hand in the projection of the first interdigital and intermetacarpal spaces are clinically observed.

Congenital hypoplasia of the first ray of the hand: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital hypoplasia of the first ray of the hand is a developmental defect characterized by underdevelopment of the tendon-muscle and bone-articular apparatus of the finger of varying degrees of severity with progression of the defect in the teratological series of defects from the proximal end of the ray to the distal.

Congenital triphalangism of the first finger of the hand: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital triphalangism of the first finger of the hand is a developmental defect in which the thumb (like the other fingers of the hand) has three phalanges. The main features that allow differentiating various forms of this defect are: the longitudinal dimensions of the first metacarpal bone and the location of its epiphyseal growth zone; the size and shape of the additional phalanx: the longitudinal dimensions of the first ray of the hand: the size of the first intercarpal space: the state of the thenar muscles, functions of the hand.

Congenital polydactyly: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital polydactyly is a developmental defect characterized by a quantitative increase in individual segments of the finger or the ray as a whole (the ray is all the phalanges of the finger and the corresponding metacarpal bone). Depending on the level of doubling, this anomaly is divided into polyphalangy, polydactyly, and ray doubling. By localization, radial (or preaxial), central, and ulnar (or postaxial) polydactyly are distinguished.

Mirror brush, or ulnar dimelia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

"Mirror hand", or ulnar dimelia, is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by doubling of the ulna, absence of the radius and the first finger of the hand, an excessive number of fingers, usually symmetrically located relative to the midline. Usually, limited movement in the elbow joint and rotational movements of the hand are visualized, since in these patients, instead of the head of the radius, the proximal part of the second ulna is involved in the elbow joint.

Congenital club hand: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Congenital clubhand is a combined defect caused by underdevelopment of tissues on the radial or ulnar side of the upper limb. When the hand deviates to the radial side, a diagnosis of radial clubhand (tanus valga) is made; when it deviates to the opposite side, a diagnosis of ulnar clubhand (manus vara) is made.