The brain is supplied with blood by branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Each internal carotid artery gives off the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, the anterior villous artery, and the posterior communicating artery.
The veins of the lower limb are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial veins of the lower limb. The dorsal digital veins of the foot (ww. digitales dorsales pedis) emerge from the venous plexuses of the fingers and flow into the dorsal venous arch of the foot (arcus venosus dorsalis pedis).
The common iliac vein (v. iliaca communis) is a large valveless vessel. It is formed at the level of the sacroiliac joint by the confluence of the internal and external iliac veins.
The portal vein (of the liver) (v. portae hepatis) occupies a special place among the veins that collect blood from the internal organs. It is not only the largest visceral vein (its length is 5-6 cm, diameter 11 - 18 mm), but also the afferent venous link of the so-called portal system of the liver.
The inferior vena cava (v. cava inferior) is the largest, has no valves, and is located retroperitoneally. It begins at the level of the intervertebral disc between the IV and V lumbar vertebrae from the confluence of the left and right common iliac veins on the right and slightly below the division of the aorta into the arteries of the same name.
There are superficial and deep veins of the upper limb. They are connected to each other by a large number of anastomoses and have numerous valves. Superficial (subcutaneous) veins are more developed than deep ones (especially on the back of the hand).
The internal jugular vein (v. jugularis interna) is a large vessel that, like the external jugular vein, collects blood from the head and neck, from areas corresponding to the branching of the external and internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
The superior vena cava (v. cava superior) is a short valveless vessel with a diameter of 21-25 mm and a length of 5-8 cm, which is formed as a result of the fusion of the right and left brachiocephalic veins behind the junction of the cartilage of the first right rib with the sternum.
The fetus receives everything it needs for development from the mother's blood. The mother's blood enters the placenta ("baby's place") through the uterine artery. The mother's and the fetus's blood do not mix in the placenta, so the fetus's blood circulation is called placental. In the placenta, the fetus's blood receives nutrients from the mother's blood through the hematoplacental barrier.
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery and runs anteriorly from the ankle joint between the tendons of the long extensor of the fingers in a separate fibrous canal.
