Clinical studies

Study of the glomerular filtration rate

To measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the clearance of substances that are only filtered during transport through the kidneys, without being reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules, are well soluble in water, freely pass through the pores of the glomerular basement membrane and do not bind to plasma proteins are used. Such substances include inulin, endogenous and exogenous creatinine, urea.

Urine dilution tests

Urine dilution tests characterize the kidneys' ability to maximally dilute urine under conditions of artificially created hyperhydration. The state of hyperhydration is achieved by a water load, which can be single or long-term.

Urine concentration tests

Urine concentration tests characterize the ability of the kidneys to secrete increased amounts of osmotically active substances to maintain homeostasis under conditions of artificially created dehydration.

Determination of serum osmolarity

A direct and accurate indicator of the osmoregulatory function of the kidneys is considered to be the osmolality of the blood serum (Rosm) and the osmolality of the urine (Uocm) with subsequent calculation of the derived values obtained on the basis of the principle of clearance.

Investigation of renal plasma flow and blood flow values

Renal blood flow is the volume of blood passing through the kidneys per unit of time (1 min). Under physiological conditions, the kidneys receive 20-25% of the circulating blood volume, i.e. the value of renal blood flow in a healthy person is 1100-1300 ml/min.

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Most conclusions can be made based on the appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid, its pressure, cytosis, protein and glucose levels. If an infectious lesion of the central nervous system is suspected, fluid cultures should be performed.

Macroscopic semen analysis

Normally, healthy sexually mature men secrete 2-6 ml of ejaculate. Polyspermia is an increase in the volume of sperm (seminal fluid) to more than 6 ml.

Semen analysis

A sperm (seminal fluid) analysis is necessary to decide whether the person being examined is capable of producing offspring. The cause of male infertility may be diseases of the testicles, prostate, conductivity disorders of the vas deferens, diseases and malformations of the urethra.

Prostate (prostate) secretion analysis

The prostate secretion is obtained after a vigorous massage of the prostate.

Examination of urethral secretions

Inflammatory condition of the mucous membrane of the urethra (urethritis) is expressed by the presence of at least 5 polynuclear neutrophils in the field of view with immersion magnification of the microscope. The depth of the pathological process in the urethra is indicated by the predominance of cylindrical and parabasal epithelial cells in smears-imprints