Clinical studies

Flat epithelium in the urine

When performing a general analysis, physicians can detect a flat epithelium in the urine. Is it a norm or a pathology? What is the cause of this fact? Let's try to understand this article.

Oxalate in urine

Oxalates in urine are oxalate calcium or ammonium, that is, salts of organic oxalic acid belonging to the class of dicarboxylic acids.

Protein in the urine of a child

In a small amount of protein in the urine of a child can be, which is not considered pathology. Depending on the method of investigation, the level of protein from 30 to 60 milligrams is considered the norm in the daily amount of urine.

Norm of protein in the urine

It is generally accepted that the protein in the urine is 0.033 g / l. Protein in the urine can naturally be found in larger quantities when you consume the day before the analysis of a large number of proteins: dairy products, cottage cheese, meat.

Increased protein in the urine

Elevated protein in the urine is diagnosed as proteinuria: it is a pathological phenomenon that requires consultation of a doctor and a number of additional examinations.

Saliva analysis

Saliva analysis is a modern diagnostic method that is used to identify various infections in the body. Using the analysis of saliva, you can conduct a DNA test, and learn about how to lose weight. Let's look at the features of the body's diagnostics with the help of saliva analysis.

Bilirubin in the urine

Normally, bilirubin in the urine is not determined, since unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in administration and is not secreted by the kidneys. Obstruction of extrahepatic biliary tract serves as a classic cause of bilirubinuria.

Leukocytes in the urine

Leukocytes in the urine - this is one of the important indicators of inflammation of the infectious etiology in the body. Because leukocytes perform a protective function, deviations in their number, any changes, whether exceeding or lowering the norm, all this indicates the intrusion of harmful substances - bacteria.

Functional stress tests for the evaluation of renal acid function

From acid loading tests in the clinic, samples with an ammonium load are more often used.

The study of kidney function on the regulation of the acid-base state

Maintaining CBS with maintaining a stable pH of the arterial blood is carried out by homeostatic mechanisms, which are based on the physico-chemical properties of blood and tissues, as well as physiological processes occurring in the lungs, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).