Clinical studies

Squamous epithelium in the urine

When conducting a general analysis, doctors can detect squamous epithelium in the urine. Is this normal or pathological? What is the cause of this fact? Let's try to figure it out in this article.

Oxalates in the urine

Oxalates in urine are calcium or ammonium oxalate, that is, salts of organic oxalic acid, which belongs to the class of dibasic carboxylic acids.

A small amount of protein may be present in a child's urine, which is not considered a pathology. Depending on the research method, the norm is considered to be a protein level of 30 to 60 milligrams in the daily amount of urine.

The norm of protein in urine

It is generally accepted that the normal protein level in urine is 0.033 g/l. Protein in urine can naturally be found in larger quantities if a large amount of proteins were consumed the day before the analysis: dairy products, cottage cheese, meat.

Elevated protein in the urine

Increased protein in the urine is diagnosed as proteinuria: this is a pathological phenomenon that requires a doctor's consultation and a number of additional examinations.

Saliva analysis

Saliva analysis is a modern diagnostic method used to identify various infections in the body. With the help of saliva analysis, you can conduct a DNA test and learn how to lose weight. Let's look at the features of diagnosing the body using saliva analysis.

Bilirubin in the urine

Normally, bilirubin is not detected in urine because unconjugated bilirubin is insoluble in water and is not excreted by the kidneys. Obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts is a classic cause of bilirubinuria.

Leukocytes in the urine

Leukocytes in urine are one of the important indicators of inflammation of infectious etiology in the body. Since leukocytes perform a protective function, deviations in their number, any changes, whether an excess or a decrease in the norm, all this indicates the invasion of harmful substances - bacteria.

Functional stress tests to assess renal acid excretion function

Of the acid loading tests, ammonium loading tests are most commonly used in the clinic.

Study of renal function on regulation of acid-base state

Maintenance of the acid-base balance with the preservation of a stable pH of arterial blood is carried out by homeostatic mechanisms, which are based on the physicochemical properties of blood and tissues, as well as physiological processes occurring in the lungs, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract (GIT).