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Diseases of the lungs, bronchi and pleura (pulmonology)

This category covers pulmonary disease bronchial and pleural with symptoms, causes, diagnostics, treatment options, and prevention basics.

Pulmonary Disease Bronchial And Pleural brings together curated guides, checklists, and explanations to help navigate the topic with clarity.

Use this page as a starting point: learn key terms, common scenarios, and how clinicians usually approach diagnosis and treatment.

On this page:

  • Conditions grouped by specialty with clear navigation
  • Symptoms, causes, risk factors, and complications
  • Diagnosis pathways, including tests and imaging
  • Evidence-based treatment options and prevention

Medical information is educational; treatment should be individualized.

Use the links to learn what to ask at an appointment and how to prepare.

Expiratory dyspnea: causes and treatment

A symptom that manifests itself as difficulty and prolongation of the expiratory phase of breathing – exhalation – and causes a feeling of discomfort when breathing, is defined in medicine as expiratory dyspnea.

Inspiratory dyspnea: an overview

Recurring inspiratory dyspnea is a condition that a person may not notice at first, although it often indicates the development of serious diseases.

Mixed dyspnea: causes and diagnosis

If a patient has a combination of inspiratory (during inhalation) and exhalatory (during exhalation) difficulty breathing, specialists use the term mixed dyspnea.

Bronchospasm: Causes in Children and Adults and Treatment

When the lumen of the small branches of the bronchial tree narrows, it is said that a bronchospasm has occurred, associated with a prolonged reflex contraction of the smooth muscle fibers present in the bronchi and bronchioles.

Hydrothorax: Fluid in the Pleura, Causes and Treatment

Pathological accumulation of serous fluid – transudate or exudate – in the pleural cavity is defined as hydrothorax.

Pleuropneumonia: main types

Pneumonia is classified according to the degree of lung damage. If the inflammatory process affects only the lobes, without extending to the vessels and alveoli, it is called pleuropneumonia, or lobar pneumonia—an infectious disease that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Pleuropneumonia: Treatment and Recovery

The treatment protocol for croupous inflammation involves the simultaneous administration of two antibiotics: one intravenously and one intramuscularly. Typically, therapy is carried out with the medications described below.

Pulmonary hematocele: what it is and how it is treated

Traumatic injury to the lung tissue with intact visceral pleura can lead to a pulmonary hematocele. This condition is accompanied by chest pain, difficulty breathing, and sometimes hemoptysis.

Pneumonitis: Causes in Adults and Children, Treatment

Pulmonologists classify pneumonitis as an interstitial lung disease, a distinctive feature of which is damage to the tissues that support the intralobular air-exchange part of the lungs and form its most important structures – the alveoli.

Fibrothorax: Causes and Treatment

Pleural diseases are a common complication that develops after various bronchopulmonary pathologies. One such complication can be fibrothorax, an obliterating fibrotic process in the pleural cavity.