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Diseases of the lungs, bronchi and pleura (pulmonology)

This category covers pulmonary disease bronchial and pleural with symptoms, causes, diagnostics, treatment options, and prevention basics.

Pulmonary Disease Bronchial And Pleural brings together curated guides, checklists, and explanations to help navigate the topic with clarity.

Use this page as a starting point: learn key terms, common scenarios, and how clinicians usually approach diagnosis and treatment.

On this page:

  • Conditions grouped by specialty with clear navigation
  • Symptoms, causes, risk factors, and complications
  • Diagnosis pathways, including tests and imaging
  • Evidence-based treatment options and prevention

Medical information is educational; treatment should be individualized.

Use the links to learn what to ask at an appointment and how to prepare.

Hypoventilation: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

Hypoventilation is a condition in which alveolar ventilation becomes insufficient to remove the amount of carbon dioxide produced in the body.

Agonal breathing: how to recognize a dangerous sign of circulatory arrest and what to do immediately

Agonal breathing is not "weak but still normal" breathing, but an abnormal, ineffective breathing pattern that is most often associated with circulatory arrest and severe cerebral hypoxia.

Acute pulmonary hemorrhage: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Acute pulmonary hemorrhage is a dangerous condition in which blood enters the bronchi, lung tissue, or alveoli and begins to interfere with normal breathing.

Respiratory arrest: causes, emergency care, diagnosis and prognosis

Respiratory arrest is the sudden cessation of effective ventilation. In clinical practice, this condition is distinguished from respiratory failure: in respiratory failure, gas exchange is still maintained, although impaired, whereas in respiratory arrest, spontaneous effective breathing is absent.

Lower lobe pneumonia: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

Lower lobe pneumonia is a clinical and radiological variant of pneumonia in which the inflammatory infiltrate is localized predominantly in the lower lobe of the right or left lung.

Health risks of vaping

Vapes (electronic cigarettes) produce an aerosol formed by heating a liquid, with or without nicotine. Despite their reputation as "less harmful than cigarettes," they are not safe: the aerosol contains nicotine, fine particles, volatile organic compounds, metals, and a number of irritating aldehydes.

Shortness of breath when lying down: causes and examination

In medicine, there has long been a concept called orthopnea, which literally means that a person experiences shortness of breath when lying down, while breathing is not difficult when standing.

Shortness of breath after a fever: causes and treatment

If shortness of breath occurs after a fever, this most often indicates significant lung damage or the addition of cardiac pathologies, which, in turn, can be complicated by oxygen starvation or other diseases and conditions.

Shortness of breath and weakness: causes and examination

Shortness of breath and weakness are common complaints that lead patients to seek medical attention.

Shortness of breath after exercise: causes and what to check

Shortness of breath after physical exertion is a fairly common occurrence that occurs as the body's reaction to increased activity.