Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

High-risk pregnancy

A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the mother, fetus, or newborn may be at increased risk of complications during pregnancy or increased mortality before or after delivery.

Vaginal bleeding in the last stages of pregnancy

The most common cause of bleeding in late pregnancy that may be alarming is placenta previa and abruptio placentae. This can lead to hemorrhagic shock, which requires intravenous fluid replacement and other measures before or during diagnosis.

Leg swelling in the last stages of pregnancy

Swelling of the legs is more typical for the later stages of pregnancy. Some swelling may be the result of compression of the inferior vena cava by the enlarged uterus in the supine position, or a violation of the outflow from both femoral veins.

Vomiting in early pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms during pregnancy; their occurrence is related to the rapid increase in estrogen levels. Although vomiting is most common in the morning (morning sickness), nausea and vomiting can occur at any time of day.

Bleeding from the genital tract in early pregnancy

Vaginal bleeding occurs in approximately 20-30% of confirmed pregnancies during the first 20 weeks; half of these end in spontaneous abortion.

Treatment and prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome

Intranatal amnioinfusion in the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid. This procedure is most indicated in the presence of amniotic fluid heavily stained with meconium. The results of four randomized studies of recent years were processed by means of a meta-analysis by Hofmeyr.

Aspiration of meconium and amniotic fluid

Meconium aspiration is a type of respiratory distress syndrome characterized by airway obstruction due to amniotic fluid entering the fetal tracheobronchial tree.

Postpartum purulent-septic diseases

Postpartum purulent-septic diseases are a serious problem and are one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality.

HIV infection in pregnant women

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an anthroponotic infection characterized by progressive damage to the immune system, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and death from secondary diseases. The pathogen belongs to the family of retroviruses (Retroviridae), subfamily of slow viruses (Lentivirus).

Postpartum mastitis

Postpartum mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland of bacterial origin that develops after childbirth and is associated with the lactation process.