Gynecological diseases (gynecology)

Cervical stenosis

Cervical stenosis is a structure of the internal os of the cervix. Cervical stenosis can be congenital or acquired. The most common causes of acquired pathology are menopause, surgical interventions (e.g., conization of the cervix, cauterization), infection, cancer of the cervix or uterus, and radiation therapy.

Uterine appendage torsion

Adnexal torsion includes torsion of the ovary and sometimes the fallopian tube, which can lead to disruption of the arterial blood supply and the development of ischemia.

Menopause

Menopause is a physiological or iatrogenic cessation of menstruation (amenorrhea) due to decreased ovarian function. The following clinical manifestations are noted: hot flashes, atrophic vaginitis and osteoporosis. Clinical diagnosis: absence of menstruation for 1 year. If clinical symptoms of menopause are present, treatment is necessary (for example, hormone therapy or the administration of selective serotonin inhibitors).

Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation is routinely practiced in parts of Africa (usually North or Central Africa), where it is deeply ingrained as part of some cultures. Women who experience sexual pleasure are considered uncontrollable, shunned, and unmarriageable.

Tubal dysfunction: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Tubal dysfunction is obstruction of the fallopian tubes or epithelial dysfunction that impairs zygote motility; pelvic lesions are structural abnormalities that may interfere with fertilization or implantation.

Ovulation disorder: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Ovulation disorder is abnormal, irregular, or absent ovulation. Menstrual periods are often irregular or absent. Diagnosis is based on history or can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels or pelvic ultrasonography.

Candida vaginitis

Candidal vaginitis is a vaginal infection caused by Candida spp or, most commonly, C. albicans. Candidal vaginitis is most commonly caused by C. albicans, which is cultured in 15-20% of non-pregnant women and 20-40% of pregnant women.

Spring catarrh

Vernal catarrh (vernal keratoconjunctivitis) is an allergic disease in which only the conjunctiva and cornea are affected. Until the 1950s, the disease was considered a rare eye pathology.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans and sometimes other Candida species, Tomlopsis or other yeasts. It is estimated that 75% of women will have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis during their lifetime, and 40-45% will have two or more episodes.

Breast diseases: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

The mammary glands are part of the female reproductive system, mammary gland tissues are targets for ovarian steroid hormones, prolactin, placental hormones and indirectly hormones from other endocrine glands of the body.