Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders (endocrinology)

Adrenogenital syndrome

Adrenogenital syndrome (adrenal virilism) is a syndrome in which excess adrenal androgens cause virilization. Diagnosis is clinical, confirmed by elevated androgen levels with and without dexamethasone suppression; adrenal imaging with biopsy if a mass lesion is detected may be required to determine the underlying cause. Treatment of adrenogenital syndrome depends on the cause.

Syndromes of polyglandular insufficiency

Polyglandular deficiency syndromes (autoimmune polyglandular syndromes; polyendocrine deficiency syndromes) are characterized by competitive dysfunction of several endocrine glands.

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome type IIB

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome, type IIB (MEN IIB, MEN IIB syndrome, mucous neuroma syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis) is characterized by multiple mucous neuromas, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and often Marfan syndrome.

Increase in extracellular fluid volume

The increase in the volume of extracellular fluid is caused by an increase in the total sodium content in the body. It is usually observed in heart failure, nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations include weight gain, edema, orthopnea. Diagnosis is based on clinical data. The goal of treatment is to correct excess fluid and eliminate the cause.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a total plasma calcium concentration greater than 10.4 mg/dL (> 2.60 mmol/L) or an ionized plasma calcium concentration greater than 5.2 mg/dL (> 1.30 mmol/L). Underlying causes include hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicity, and cancer.

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome type II A

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome type IIA (MEN syndrome type IIA, multiple endocrine adenomatosis, syndrome type IIA, Siple syndrome) is a hereditary syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism. The clinical picture depends on the affected glandular elements.

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome type I

Multiple endocrine neoplastic syndrome, or MEN I (multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I, Wermer's syndrome), is a hereditary disease characterized by tumors in the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland. Clinical manifestations include hyperparasitism and asymptomatic hypercalcemia.

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is a serum phosphate concentration greater than 4.5 mg/dL (greater than 1.46 mmol/L). Causes include chronic renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, and metabolic or respiratory acidosis. Clinical features of hyperphosphatemia may be related to concomitant hypocalcemia and may include tetany.

Hypomagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia is a plasma magnesium concentration less than 1.4 mEq/L (< 0.7 mmol/L). Possible causes include inadequate magnesium intake and absorption, increased excretion due to hypercalcemia or medications such as furosemide. Symptoms of hypomagnesemia are related to concomitant hypokalemia and hypocalcemia and include lethargy, tremor, tetany, seizures, and arrhythmias.

Lactoacidosis

Lactic acidosis develops as a result of increased production or decreased metabolism of lactate, as well as their combination. Lactate is a normal by-product of glucose and amino acid metabolism. The most severe form, type A lactic acidosis, develops with hyperproduction of lactic acid in ischemic tissue to form ATP with O2 deficiency.