Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders (endocrinology)

Thyroid diseases

Considering the law of feedback for all endocrine diseases, the syndrome should be examined together with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, mammologist and other narrow diagnostic specialists, in particular with a therapist and neurologist, since thyroid diseases are accompanied by disruption of cardiac activity and nervous system function.

Nonclassical picture of pheochromocytoma

Arterial hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the world. A doctor who observes a patient with high blood pressure always faces the question: what form of arterial hypertension does the patient have - essential or secondary, since this affects the treatment tactics and prognosis of the disease.

Use of omega-3 PUFAs in patients with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus

Since the 1970s, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have attracted the attention of cardiologists following the publication of significant epidemiological studies that showed a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Modern approaches to obesity prevention

Obesity, which is a pathological increase in body weight due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, is an independent chronic disease and, at the same time, a major risk factor for insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, cholelithiasis and some malignant neoplasms.

Relationship of obesity and diabetes mellitus with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The article presents literature data from clinical studies in which obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is considered as a risk factor for the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Simple non-toxic goiter (euthyroid goiter)

Simple nontoxic goiter, which may be diffuse or nodular, is a non-neoplastic hypertrophy of the thyroid gland without an underlying state of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or inflammation.

Non-functioning adrenal masses

Non-functioning adrenal masses are lesions of the adrenal glands that lack hormonal activity. Symptoms, signs, and treatment depend on the nature and size.

Carcinoid syndrome

Carcinoid syndrome develops only in some patients with carcinoid tumors and is characterized by a peculiar reddening of the skin ("hot flashes"), abdominal cramps, spasms and diarrhea. After several years, right heart valve insufficiency may develop.

Decrease in extracellular fluid volume

Extracellular fluid volume depletion is a decrease in extracellular fluid volume caused by loss of water and total body sodium. Possible causes include vomiting, increased sweating, diarrhea, burns, diuretic use, and renal failure. Clinical manifestations include decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and orthostatic hypotension.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is a total plasma calcium concentration of less than 8.8 mg/dL (<2.20 mmol/L) with normal plasma protein concentrations, or an ionized calcium concentration of less than 4.7 mg/dL (<1.17 mmol/L). Possible causes include hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and kidney disease.