Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Immunodeficiency in children

Immunodeficiency states (immunodeficiency) develop as a result of damage to one or more links of the immune system. A characteristic manifestation of immunodeficiency is recurrent, severe infections. However, many types of immunodeficiency states are also characterized by an increased frequency of autoimmune manifestations and/or tumor diseases.

Respiratory allergies

Respiratory allergies is a collective term that includes allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract (minor forms of respiratory allergies), bronchial asthma and rarer diseases of allergic etiology: exogenous allergic alveolitis, allergic pneumonia, eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate.

Hereditary lung diseases in children

Genetically determined lung diseases are detected in 4-5% of children with recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases. It is customary to distinguish between monogenically inherited lung diseases and lung lesions that accompany other types of hereditary pathology (cystic fibrosis, primary immunodeficiencies, hereditary connective tissue diseases, etc.).

Congenital malformations of the bronchopulmonary system

Clinically diagnosed defects of the bronchopulmonary system are found in 10% of patients with chronic lung diseases. Agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia of the lung. Clinically, these defects are characterized by deformation of the chest - depression or flattening on the side of the defect. Percussion sound over this area is shortened, respiratory sounds are absent or sharply weakened. The heart is displaced toward the underdeveloped lung.

Chronic pneumonia in children

Chronic pneumonia is a chronic inflammatory non-specific bronchopulmonary process based on irreversible morphological changes in the form of bronchial deformation and pneumosclerosis in one or more segments of the lungs and accompanied by relapses of inflammation in the bronchi and lung tissue.

Treatment of acute pneumonia

In case of respiratory failure, oxygen therapy is administered via nasal cannulas. The optimal method of oxygen therapy is spontaneous ventilation with an oxygen-enriched gas mixture with positive pressure at the end of exhalation. A prerequisite for successful oxygen therapy is clearing the airways after the use of mucolytic agents, stimulating coughing and/or removing sputum using suction.

Acute pneumonia in children

Pneumonia is an acute inflammatory disease of the lungs with a reaction of the vascular system in the interstitial tissue and disturbances in the microcirculatory bed, with local physical symptoms, with focal or infiltrative changes on the radiograph, having a bacterial etiology, characterized by infiltration and filling of the alveoli with exudate containing predominantly polynuclear neutrophils, and manifested by a general reaction to infection.

Hemosiderosis in children

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (ICD-10 code: J84.8) develops as a primary disease and is related to interstitial lung diseases of unknown etiology. Since glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant therapy is effective in hemosiderosis, the current hypothesis of this disease today remains immunoallergic, i.e. associated with the formation of autoantibodies.

Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis in children

Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis (ICD-10 code: J84.1) is an interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology. Medical literature uses synonyms: Hamman-Rich disease, acute fibrosing pulmonitis, fibrous dysplasia of the lungs. Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis is rare in children.

Toxic fibrosing alveolitis

The development of toxic fibrosing alveolitis (ICD-10 code: J70.1-J70.8) is caused by the toxic effect of chemicals on the respiratory section of the lungs, as well as the damaging effect of immune complexes. In children, toxic fibrosing alveolitis is most often associated with the use of various drugs (sulfonamides, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide (cyclophosphamide), nitrofurantoin (furadonin), furazolidone, hexamethonium benzosulfonate (benzohexonium), propranolol (anaprilin), hydralazine (apressin), chlorpropamide, benzylpenicillin, penicillamine).