Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Sinus node weakness syndrome in children

Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is one of the most polymorphic heart rhythm disorders in children, associated with the risk of developing syncope. The basis of the syndrome is changes in the functional state of the main source of cardiac rhythm, which, due to various reasons, cannot fully perform the role of the leading pacemaker and control the pacemaker from a certain point.

Brugada syndrome in children: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Brugada syndrome is a primary electrical disorder of the heart with a high risk of sudden arrhythmic death. This syndrome is characterized by a right ventricular conduction delay (right bundle branch block), ST segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1-V3) on the resting ECG, and a high incidence of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death, predominantly at night.

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (catecholaminergic) is a malignant arrhythmia caused by the presence of ventricular tachycardia of at least two morphologies and induced by physical exertion or the introduction of isoproterenol. It is accompanied by syncope and has a high risk of sudden arrhythmic death. The familial variant of polymorphic catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia is presumably considered a hereditary disease.

Hereditary syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Hereditary long QT syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous pathology with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. The autosomal recessive form of long QT syndrome, Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome, was discovered in 1957 and is rare. Prolongation of the QT interval and the risk of sudden cardiac death due to the development of life-threatening arrhythmias are associated with congenital deafness in this syndrome. The autosomal dominant form, Romano-Ward syndrome, is more common; it has an isolated "cardiac" phenotype.

Ventricular tachycardia in children: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Ventricular tachycardia occupies a special place in arrhythmology, as it has a wide variability of clinical manifestations and, in some cases, a high probability of an unfavorable prognosis. Many ventricular tachycardias are associated with a high risk of developing ventricular fibrillation and, consequently, sudden cardiac death. Ventricular tachycardia is a ventricular rhythm with a heart rate of 120-250 per minute, consisting of three or more consecutive ventricular complexes.

Ventricular extrasystole in children

Ventricular extrasystole - premature excitations in relation to the main rhythm, originating from the ventricular myocardium. Ventricular extrasystole disrupts the correctness of the heart rhythm due to premature ventricular contractions, post-extrasystolic pauses and the associated asynchrony of myocardial excitation. Ventricular extrasystole is often hemodynamically ineffective or accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output.

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in children

Supraventricular (supraventricular) tachyarrhythmias include tachyarrhythmias with the localization of the electrophysiological mechanism above the bifurcation of the His bundle - in the atria, AV junction, as well as arrhythmias with the circulation of the excitation wave between the atria and ventricles. In a broad sense, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias include sinus tachycardia caused by the acceleration of the normal automaticity of the sinus node, supraventricular extrasystole and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Supraventricular tachycardia is the largest part of clinically significant supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in childhood.

Heart rhythm disorders in children

Heart rhythm disturbances occupy one of the leading positions in the structure of morbidity and mortality of the child population. They can be presented as a primary pathology or develop against the background of an existing disease, usually a congenital heart defect. Cardiac arrhythmias often develop at the height of infectious diseases, complicate diseases of other organs and systems of the body - lesions of the central nervous system, systemic diseases of connective tissue, metabolic diseases, endocrine pathology.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a rare disease of unknown etiology, characterized by progressive replacement of right ventricular myocytes with fatty or fibro-fatty tissue, leading to atrophy and thinning of the ventricular wall, its dilation, accompanied by ventricular rhythm disturbances of varying severity, including ventricular fibrillation.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy in children: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a rare myocardial disease characterized by impaired diastolic function and increased ventricular filling pressure with normal or slightly changed systolic myocardial function and the absence of significant hypertrophy. The phenomena of circulatory failure in such patients are not accompanied by an increase in the volume of the left ventricle.