Diseases of children (pediatrics)

Hypothyroidism in children

Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome caused by decreased production of thyroid hormones or lack of sensitivity to them in tissues. Congenital and acquired hypothyroidism are distinguished; according to the level of disorder of regulatory mechanisms, primary (pathology of the thyroid gland itself), secondary (pituitary disorders) and tertiary (hypothalamic disorders) are distinguished.

Congenital primary hypothyroidism in children

Congenital primary hypothyroidism occurs with a frequency of 1 in 3500-4000 newborns. The earliest symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism are not pathognomonic for this disease, only a combination of gradually appearing signs creates a complete clinical picture. Children are often born with a large body weight, asphyxia is possible. Prolonged (longer than 10 days) jaundice is expressed. Motor activity is reduced, sometimes difficulties with feeding are noted.

Diabetes mellitus in children

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the result of impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (WHO, 1999).

Corrected transposition of the main vessels: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Corrected transposition of the great vessels is considered a rare congenital heart defect. However, clinical abnormalities in corrected transposition of the great vessels are minimal and, most likely, the defect often remains undiagnosed.

Tricuspid valve anomaly (Ebstein's anomaly): symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Ebstein's anomaly (tricuspid valve anomaly) is a congenital pathology of the tricuspid valve, characterized by the displacement of the cusps (usually both the septal and posterior) into the cavity of the right ventricle, which leads to the formation of an atrialized part of the right ventricle. As a result of the displacement of the tricuspid valve cusps, the cavity of the right ventricle is divided into two parts.

Abnormal left coronary artery branching from the pulmonary artery: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery accounts for 0.22% of all congenital heart defects. The left coronary artery originates from the left, less often from the right sinus of the pulmonary artery, its further course and branches are the same as in the norm.

Isolated pulmonary artery stenosis: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Isolated pulmonary artery stenosis accounts for 6 to 8% of all congenital heart defects. Most often, the narrowing is located in the area of the pulmonary artery valves and is represented by a diaphragm with a central or eccentric opening with a diameter of 1 to 10 mm.

Aortic stenosis: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Aortic stenosis is a defect characterized by narrowing of the valve, subvalvular or supravalvular orifice. With stenosis, hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium develops with a decrease in its cavity, since the left ventricular myocardium works with increased load due to the obstruction of blood ejection into the aorta.

Coarctation of the aorta: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that leads to hypertension of the upper extremity vessels, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hypoperfusion of the abdominal and lower extremity organs. Symptoms of coarctation of the aorta vary depending on the degree of narrowing and its extent - from headache, chest pain, cold extremities, weakness, and lameness to fulminant heart failure and shock.

Complete transposition of the main arteries: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Transposition of the great arteries is the most common congenital heart defect of the blue type in children of the first months of life. It accounts for 12-20% of all congenital cardiac anomalies. In older children, due to high mortality, the frequency of this defect is significantly lower. Transposition of the great arteries is 2-3 times more common in boys.