Diseases of the rectum and anal area

Rectal foreign bodies

Rectal foreign bodies, sometimes unusual and/or related to sexual play, may be introduced into the rectum intentionally but often become difficult to remove. Some foreign bodies penetrate the rectal wall, others migrate above the anal sphincter.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder that accounts for 3-5% of colorectal cancer cases. Symptoms, initial diagnosis, and treatment are similar to other forms of colorectal cancer. HNPCC is suspected based on history and requires confirmation by genetic testing.

Anorectal cancer

Most often, anorectal cancer is represented by adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell (nonkeratinizing epithelial or basal cell) carcinoma of the anorectal zone accounts for 3-5% of cancerous lesions of the distal colon.

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is quite common. Symptoms of colorectal cancer include blood in the stool or changes in bowel habits. Screening includes stool testing for occult blood. Diagnosis is made by colonoscopy. Treatment of colorectal cancer involves resection and chemotherapy if the lymph nodes are affected.

Prolapse and prolapse of the rectum

Rectal prolapse is a painless protrusion of the rectum through the anus. Prolapse is a complete prolapse of the entire rectal wall. Diagnosis is made by examination. Surgical treatment is aimed at correcting prolapse and prolapse of the rectum.

Anal itching

Anal pruritus is a pathology characterized by itching in the anal and perianal areas. Perianal skin pruritus can be a consequence of various causes.

Fecal incontinence

Fecal incontinence may result from spinal cord injury or disease, congenital disorders, accidental injury to the rectum and anus, rectal prolapse, diabetes, severe dementia, fecal impaction, extensive inflammatory processes, tumors, obstetric injuries, and surgeries that involve cutting or widening the anal sphincter.

Anorectal fistula (rectal fistula)

An anorectal fistula is a tubular passage that opens on one side into the anal canal and on the skin in the perianal area with the other opening. Symptoms of anorectal fistulas include discharge from the fistula and sometimes pain. Diagnosis is made by examination and sigmoidoscopy. Treatment of anorectal fistulas often requires surgery.

Anorectal abscesses: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Anorectal abscesses (paraproctitis) are limited accumulations of pus in the pararectal area. Abscesses usually develop in the anal crypts. Symptoms include pain and swelling. Diagnosis is made by examination and CT or MRI of the pelvis for deeper abscesses. Treatment involves surgical drainage.

Proctitis

Proctitis is an inflammatory process that primarily affects the mucous membrane of the rectum. The disease can occur in both acute and chronic forms.