Balanoposthitis

Balanoposthitis is a disease that affects both women and men, and even children.

Let's consider what balanoposthitis is, the main causes and symptoms of the disease. And also what is the danger of balanoposthitis and methods of its treatment.

Causes balanoposthitis

Balanoposthitis is an inflammation that affects the head and penis in men. The disease can appear at any age, as the cause of inflammation can be a fungus, bacteria or contact dermatitis. Most often, children suffer from balanoposthitis. In childhood, the foreskin covers the head of the penis, which significantly increases the risk of developing the disease. Boys with phimosis and a narrow foreskin are susceptible to inflammation.

In some cases, inflammation occurs due to poor hygiene or poor mobility of the foreskin. Treatment of inflammatory disease is aimed at eliminating painful symptoms and maintaining normal hygiene conditions.

As a rule, men suffer from balanoposthitis more often in adulthood. The disease is a combination of prostitis and balanitis, that is, two separate diseases. Thus, with balanitis, the inflammation affects the head of the penis, and with prostitis, the tissues of the foreskin. But most often, both problems occur at once, which is why the disease is called balanoposthitis.

The causes of balanoposthitis are varied, but, as a rule, inflammation appears due to a mixed infection. It is very difficult and not always possible to determine exactly which bacteria caused the disease. The most common causes of balanoposthitis are: yeast fungus (the causative agent of candidiasis), streptococci, bacteroids, gardnerella. For balanoposthitis to appear, a combination of two factors is necessary - an infectious irritant and suitable conditions for its development. Thus, the infectious factor of the disease is the pathogen entering the preputial sac.

The main causes and predisposing factors of balanoposthitis:

1. Unprotected intercourse with a partner who has vaginal dysbiosis. (With dysbiosis, there are many bacteria in the female vagina that cause inflammation of the head of the penis).
2. Anal sex without a condom and oral sex with a partner who has oral diseases.
3. Failure to observe the rules of intimate hygiene leads to the fact that smegma begins to accumulate under the foreskin, which is an excellent field for the growth of any infections. It is smegma that causes inflammation and subsequently balanoposthitis.
4. A narrow foreskin and phimosis (the head of the penis opens with difficulty or does not open at all) complicate the hygiene process, which leads to stagnation of decomposing smegma in the preputial sac.
5. Metabolic disorders and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, are another cause of balanoposthitis. Drops of urine with a high sugar content get on the head of the penis and foreskin, which creates conditions for the development of infection.
6. Trichomonas or gonorrheal urethritis can also be the cause of balanoposthitis. Due to purulent discharge from the urethra, the resistance of the mucous membrane of the head of the penis decreases, which leads to inflammatory manifestations.

All the above-described causes and predisposing factors can cause balanoposthitis. Any infection that gets on the head of the penis immediately causes inflammation. Balanoposthitis lasts a long time, with periods of exacerbation, which is more difficult to treat.

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Balanoposthitis after sex

Balanoposthitis after sex is not uncommon. Thus, vaginal diseases in the partner and unprotected sexual intercourse are the main causes of balanoposthitis after sex in men. But the disease does not manifest itself immediately, but begins to mature. Thus, the incubation period of balanoposthitis depends on its type and can last from 2 days to several weeks, or even months. The danger is that during sex, partners transmit pathogenic microorganisms to each other that cause malaise. At the same time, even compliance with all the rules and norms of hygiene is not protection against balanoposthitis after sex.

At the first signs of the disease, as a rule, neither men nor women rush to seek medical help. But, despite the painful symptoms that appear, no one refuses sex. In some cases, concealing the symptoms of balanoposthitis in one of the spouses is the reason for cheating. Timely diagnosis of the disease and treatment is an ideal option for preventing the development of infection and inflammation. But do not forget about safety measures that will help protect against balanoposthitis.

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Balanoposthitis after circumcision

Balanoposthitis after circumcision occurs extremely rarely, since the procedure of removing the foreskin protects against the accumulation of bacteria and harmful microorganisms. Circumcision is the most effective and fastest method of eliminating balanoposthitis. Completely or partially removed foreskin, opens the head of the penis and solves physiological problems. At the same time, the frenulum, which is the center of nerve endings, lymphatic and blood vessels, is not injured. Due to this, the operation allows you to avoid serious complications during the rehabilitation period.

If balanoposthitis is caused by phimosis, circumcision can solve two problems at once. The operation opens the head of the penis and removes the foreskin, where bacteria and microorganisms that provoke inflammatory processes have accumulated. Balanoposthitis after circumcision can occur if a man has a chronic form of this disease, erectile dysfunction, squamous cell carcinoma or chronic prostatitis. In acute balanoposthitis, circumcision is contraindicated. Before the operation, it is necessary to eliminate the inflammatory process.

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Is balanoposthitis contagious?

Is balanoposthitis contagious and how contagious is this disease - a very relevant question for patients who have encountered such an inflammatory process for the first time. Despite the fact that balanoposthitis is caused by fungal or bacterial microflora, the disease is mainly not contagious. Thus, for the occurrence of the inflammatory process, the presence of predisposing factors is mandatory. These factors include reduced protective properties of the immune system, damage to the integrity of the epithelial covers of the foreskin and the head of the penis.

Urologists note that balanoposthitis is sexually transmitted, that is, a man can infect a woman. This is due to the fact that balanoposthitis is common to both men and women. But a viral or fungal infection that caused the disease can easily infect a woman. This is possible during unprotected sexual intercourse, that is, without a condom. Pathogenic or infected microflora of the female vagina can also cause infection in a man and the further development of balanoposthitis.

The main forms of sexually transmitted balanoposthitis are:

• Fungal balanoposthitis - the most common is candidal balanoposthitis (thrush). The disease is transmitted through oral sex, as fungi can also multiply on the mucous membrane of the tongue and oral cavity.
• Gardnerella balanoposthitis is an inflammation caused by Gardnerella vaginali (anaerobic bacteria). The peculiarity of the bacteria is that it does not manifest itself for a long time. Unprotected sexual intercourse provokes the development of balanoposthitis, which can develop into nonspecific urethritis.
• Circinate balanoposthitis – most often occurs due to infection with chlamydia. The peculiarity of this form is that red cylindrical spots with clearly defined borders appear on the head of the penis. You can become infected with circinate balanoposthitis during unprotected sexual intercourse, oral and anal sex.

Symptoms balanoposthitis

Symptoms of balanoposthitis are individual for each patient and depend on the form of the disease. There are not many typical manifestations of inflammation. The main symptoms are pain localized on the head of the penis and itching. Very often, at the early stages of the disease, the patient does not notice signs of the inflammatory process. And this is not surprising, since balanoposthitis is characterized by an atypical, asymptomatic course in the early stages of development.

But in most cases, the symptoms of balanoposthitis manifest as hyperemia of the skin, swelling of the head of the penis, plaque in the coronary groove and on the head, rash, enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, erosive and ulcerative lesions.

Stage of the disease	Complete symptomatic picture
Initial stage of balanoposthitis	General malaise. Redness, itching and swelling. Pain and unpleasant odor. Discharge on the head of the penis.
Progressive balanoposthitis	Erosions and ulcerations. Peeling, crusts, cracks. Inguinal lymphadenitis. Phimosis.
Symptoms of advanced balanoposthitis	Joint pain and arthritis. General lymphadenitis. Conjunctivitis. Meatal stenosis (occurs after surgery). Rash on the skin, mucous membranes and in the oral cavity. Malignant transformation of balanoposthitis.

The peculiarity of balanoposthitis is that the disease can manifest itself in a large number of different symptoms that at first glance are not interconnected. But professional urologists combine the symptoms of balanoposthitis into three groups:

1. Discomfort in the head of the penis, causing discomfort (cutting, itching, burning, pain). Some patients note increased sensitivity and premature ejaculation due to balanoposthitis, which negatively affects the duration of sexual intercourse.
2. Cracks, ulcers, redness, dryness, irritation, red spots and other external signs of the disease.
3. Intensive discharge from the head of the penis. Normally, smegma is formed in small quantities, but due to balanoposthitis, the discharge can be so intense that the patient has to perform hygiene procedures and change underwear several times a day.

All the above symptoms may appear both simultaneously and separately. But the presence of any of the above symptoms may indicate the presence of balanoposthitis. Without proper treatment, the disease begins to progress and turns into a pustular-ulcerative, phlegmonous or gangrenous form. In some cases, patients develop inguinal-femoral lymphadenitis. And due to the acute course of inflammation, chronic pain and hyperemia of the skin, phimosis may develop, as cicatricial wrinkling of the skin occurs.

Incubation period of balanoposthitis

The incubation period of balanoposthitis is the period of time from the moment of infection until the first symptoms of the disease appear. If we talk about balanoposthitis, it is necessary to understand that infection can occur not only due to unprotected sexual intercourse, but also due to a weakened immune system and the presence of chronic diseases.

Most often, balanoposthitis is caused by non-specific microorganisms: Proteus, Candida fungi, staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli. The appearance of inflammation can be provoked by taking corticosteroids or long-term antibiotic therapy. In this case, it is pointless to talk about the incubation period.

Balanoposthitis is a disease that has no time frame for the appearance of the first symptoms after infection. The incubation period of balanoposthitis depends on factors such as:

• What microorganisms caused the inflammatory process. Urologists note that microbes and bacteria ureaplasma, chlamydia, mycoplasma, gardnerella and Candida fungi can be transmitted during anal and oral sex, causing symptoms of balanoposthitis.
• Individual characteristics of the body and the protective properties of the immune system also play an important role in the incubation period of the inflammatory process.

So, if the patient has a weakened immune system, then due to external infection, the incubation period of the disease can last from several days to a week. If the immune system is normal, then the incubation period can last from three weeks to a month. But some types of balanoposthitis, for example, gardnerella, are asymptomatic in the early stages.

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Temperature in balanoposthitis

Temperature in balanoposthitis is a rare symptom that occurs only in acute cases of the disease or in patients with a weakened immune system. As a rule, high temperature occurs due to the progression of the disease and the intensification of painful symptoms. Thus, along with high temperature, patients may experience hyperemia and swelling of the head of the penis.

In some cases, the temperature with balanoposthitis indicates that there are several foci of inflammation in the body. With such symptoms, you must urgently seek medical help. The doctor will prescribe treatment to relieve painful symptoms and high temperature. And after passing tests and diagnostics, the urologist will prescribe treatment and preventive measures to eliminate balanoposthitis.

Discharge in balanoposthitis

Discharge during balanoposthitis is one of the symptoms of an inflammatory process in the body. Any healthy man has smegma (secretion of the sebaceous glands) formed on the head of the penis. As a rule, the discharge is not significant and does not cause problems if hygiene rules are followed. With balanoposthitis, the discharge increases, which forces hygienic procedures to be carried out several times a day. In some cases, due to heavy discharge, a man has to change his underwear.

If hygiene rules are not followed, discharge during balanoposthitis will increase, causing accompanying symptoms: pain, burning, itching, swelling of the head of the penis, etc. In any case, heavy discharge for men is not normal and requires consultation with a urologist.

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Forms

ICD 10 is an international classification of diseases. Balanoposthitis is a urological disease, in the registry and medical documentation it has the code N48.1

In addition to balanoposthitis, the group of urological diseases according to ICD-10 includes:

• N00-N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system.
• N40-N51 Diseases of the male genital organs.
• N48 Other diseases of the penis.
• N48.1 Balanoposthitis.

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Balanoposthitis in men

Balanoposthitis in men is the most common sexually transmitted disease. Balanoposthitis is two different lesions - posthitis and balanitis. Posthitis is an inflammation of the foreskin tissue, and balanitis is an inflammatory process on the head of the penis. The simultaneous presence of both diseases is called balanoposthitis. There is primary and secondary balanoposthitis, they differ in the nature of their occurrence. Let's take a closer look at the etiology of balanoposthitis in men.

• Primary balanoposthitis in men develops due to failure to observe personal hygiene rules. The disease can also appear due to phimosis and accumulation of smegma in the prepuce. This causes mechanical irritation of the mucous membrane, and then, in the process of decomposition, chemical irritation of the foreskin and the head of the penis. The causes of primary balanoposthitis can be associated with taking strong antibiotics or using intimate hygiene products that contain chemicals.
• Secondary balanoposthitis in men develops against the background of chronic diseases (urethritis, diabetes, allergic diseases). Colds, mechanical trauma, temporary lack of hygiene measures, frequent change of sexual partners or hypothermia can serve as a factor in the development of the disease. This category of balanoposthitis requires special treatment, since the disease can recur.

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Balanoposthitis in women

Balanoposthitis in women is a trichomonas form of fungal disease. Symptoms of balanoposthitis and the reasons for its occurrence in women are no different from the symptoms and reasons for the occurrence of this disease in men. Balanoposthitis can appear due to yeast fungus, be a symptom of urethritis or be an independent disease. Balanoposthitis can appear due to chronic diseases, long-term use of drugs or reduced protective functions of the body. That is, the disease is infectious in nature and very often appears together with candidiasis, that is, thrush.

In order to diagnose balanoposthitis and prescribe effective treatment, a woman needs to undergo a series of examinations, tests and smears. Based on the results of the tests, the doctor determines the form of the disease and its cause, and draws up a treatment plan.

Treatment of balanoposthitis in women and men is the same. In the early stages of the disease, the doctor prescribes regular hygienic procedures with a solution of furacilin or hydrogen peroxide. In advanced cases, the doctor prescribes antibiotics of general or local action. As a rule, the duration of treatment does not take longer than 7-10 days.

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Complications and consequences

A question that interests many men who have been diagnosed with this disease. The danger of balanoposthitis is that without treatment, the inflammatory process from the head of the penis gradually affects the urethra, which leads to the development of urinary tract infections. And due to inflammation of the foreskin, cicatricial phimosis can begin to form. If the disease is chronic and often recurs, this can cause reduced sensitivity of the head of the penis and atrophy of the receptor apparatus. As a result, balanoposthitis negatively affects the quality of sexual life and potency in general.

Balanoposthitis is an infectious inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin. The disease has several varieties, which depend on the course of the disease and the localization of inflammation. Etiological factors of balanoposthitis are harmful microorganisms (Candida fungi, staphylococci, E. coli, gardnerella).

Balanoposthitis can be acute and chronic, and depending on the severity of the inflammation: superficial, erosive and gangrenous. The danger of the disease is that it is transmitted during sexual intercourse. So, if the partner has colpitis of various etiologies, this can cause infection of the man and the appearance of balanoposthitis.

Complications of balanoposthitis occur in those patients who refuse therapy or do not complete the treatment regimen prescribed by the urologist. Complications also arise due to improperly selected therapy and exacerbation of chronic diseases. Let's look at the main complications of balanoposthitis:

• Lymphagenitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the vessels of the penis and inguinal lymphadenitis. Due to the lack of treatment, such a complication can cause amputation of the penis or lead to gangrene.
• Gangrenous balanoposthitis is a severe complication that occurs due to advanced erosive balanoposthitis. With gangrenous inflammation, the patient's temperature rises, the body is intoxicated, there is swelling, necrotic purulent ulcers on the genitals. It is this form that always causes phimosis, and can also cause perforation of the foreskin and slowly healing ulcers.
• Oncology is the most dangerous of all possible complications of balanoposthitis. Malignant tumors of the penis are irreversible, accompanied by prolonged inflammation and other pathological symptoms.

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Consequences of balanoposthitis

The consequences of balanoposthitis largely depend on the type and form of the inflammatory and infectious disease. The consequences are affected by the patient's age and body characteristics, the presence of chronic diseases and the symptoms that appear with balanoposthitis. Also, the consequences of the disease are affected by incorrect and untimely treatment. Let's consider the consequences of inflammation that most often occur:

• Atrophy of receptors on the head of the penis. This significantly reduces the sensitivity of the genital organ and leads to sexual dysfunction (potency problems, decreased sensations during orgasm).
• If the inflammatory process that occurs with balanoposthitis is not stopped, it can spread to other organs and cause a number of concomitant diseases.
• Urethritis, that is, inflammation of the walls of the urethra, is the most common consequence of balanoposthitis, causing burning and pain during urination, as well as the accumulation of purulent masses in the urethra.
• A long-term inflammatory process leads to deformation and compaction of the tissues of the genital organ. Scars, phimosis and paraphimosis (infringement of the head of the penis) appear on the penis. Paraphimosis causes severe pain, cyanosis and enlargement of the head of the penis.

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Diagnostics balanoposthitis

Balanoposthitis diagnostics begins with a visual examination by a urologist, microscopy, smears and bacterial culture to determine the pathogen and draw up a treatment plan. A test to exclude syphilis is mandatory, as well as a blood test to determine sugar levels and a consultation with an allergist. The peculiarity of balanoposthitis is that the disease, as a rule, does not cause difficulties in diagnosis. If balanoposthitis is suspected, the patient must undergo and pass a number of the following tests and diagnostic methods:

• Visual examination by a urologist.
• Bacterial culture of discharge from the surface of the glans penis and urethra.
• Blood sugar and glucose levels.
• Research on sexually transmitted diseases.
• Serological tests for syphilis.
• Smears-imprints from the head of the penis and foreskin.

In the process of diagnosing balanoposthitis, the doctor must differentiate between diseases such as:

• Psoriasis.
• Penile cancer.
• Lichen sclerosus is a chronic skin condition of the penis that appears as whitish plaques.
• Leukoplakia of the penis.
• Reiter's disease is a ring-shaped lesion of the glans penis that causes erosions on the mucous membrane of the penis.
• Balanitis Zuna - redness of the head of the penis, the appearance of red shiny spots.

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Tests for balanoposthitis

Tests for balanoposthitis are one of the diagnostic methods that allows you to accurately determine the type of inflammation and prescribe effective treatment. Let's look at the main tests for balanoposthitis that need to be taken:

• Scraping from the damaged surface to identify pathogenic microorganisms and fungi. The most commonly used method is the culture method, which allows differentiation of bacteria.
• PCR (polymerase chain reaction) – used to detect vaginosis-associated microorganisms.
• Bacterial culture to detect anaerobic microflora (Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp.).
• Analysis of sexually transmitted infections using the PCR method.
• Microscopy of smears-imprints from intact vesicles for detection of genital herpes.
• Bacteriological studies of discharge from the head of the penis (streptococci, staphylococci).
• Blood sugar test and examination by an allergist.
• Cultural and bacterioscopic examination for trichomoniasis and gonorrhea.

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Treatment balanoposthitis

How to treat balanoposthitis - patients who have been diagnosed with this disease are probably interested in this. First of all, it is worth knowing that balanoposthitis is two different diseases - balanitis and posthitis. But these diseases almost always complement each other, so in medicine a common term for this lesion was created - balanoposthitis.

Balanoposthitis has several types and stages. The type of treatment depends on them. Thus, at the first stage of the inflammatory process, the urologist prescribes the patient to use local disinfectants. The patient takes baths with disinfectant solutions and applies ointments to the affected organ. If the disease is deep, then antibacterial therapy is used for treatment. If balanoposthitis is complicated by phimosis, the patient undergoes excision of the foreskin.

Neglecting or refusing treatment is prohibited. Since without appropriate medical care, balanoposthitis leads to negative consequences and severe complications. Balanoposthitis can cause atrophy and amputation of the penis, as well as pathological diseases of the genitourinary system.

Sex with balanoposthitis

Sex with balanoposthitis is a question that interests many men who have encountered this disease. Patients who suffer from acute or exacerbated balanoposthitis understand that in practice, sex with an inflamed genital organ does not bring pleasure, but on the contrary, becomes a cause of painful sensations and discomfort.

Itching and discomfort in the groin area, pain, swelling, ulcers and cracks in the foreskin, abundant purulent discharge with an unpleasant odor do not give sexual desire to a man with balanoposthitis. Urologists recommend abstaining from sexual intercourse until complete recovery. The main arguments for refusing sex during inflammation:

• Infectious lesions - during sexual intercourse, infections that caused balanoposthitis in a man are transmitted to a woman and infect her.
• Mechanical impacts on the damaged penis intensify the inflammatory process and further traumatize the organ, which contributes to the spread of infection.
• Only with a mild form of balanoposthitis can you have sex, and only if you follow the rules of hygiene before and after sexual intercourse, as well as use barrier contraception, that is, condoms.

Circumcision for balanoposthitis

Circumcision for balanoposthitis is the most effective method of surgical treatment of inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis. Circumcision is the fastest procedure that allows you to quickly eliminate the cause of balanoposthitis. Completely or partially removed foreskin opens the glans penis, which allows you to solve physiological problems. During the excision of the foreskin, the frenulum through which nerve endings, lymphatic and blood vessels pass is not injured. Thanks to this, serious complications after surgery can be avoided.

Circumcision performed in time for balanoposthitis eliminates the causes of the disease and prevents the development of phimosis. Circumcision is also performed in cases where balanoposthitis has caused phimosis, that is, narrowing of the foreskin. However, the acute form of the inflammatory process is a contraindication to surgical intervention. In this case, circumcision can only be performed after the inflammation has been eliminated.

Preparation for circumcision in case of balanoposthitis consists of several stages, let's look at them:

• Before the operation, the patient undergoes an ultrasound and diagnostic examination of the genital organ, and takes a number of tests. Based on the results, the urologist makes a conclusion on whether or not to perform the operation.
• Circumcision is not a complicated operation, so it is performed by a urologist surgeon, without hospitalization of the patient, using local anesthesia.
• Postoperative sutures are removed within a week, but before that the patient is prescribed daily dressings.
• The rehabilitation period after the operation lasts 14 days. After that, the man can return to a full sexual life.

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Prevention

Prevention of balanoposthitis consists of following the rules of intimate and personal hygiene. Let's look at the basic rules of balanoposthitis prevention for men and women:

• Observance of genital hygiene is mandatory. At least once a day, it is necessary to wash with soap or gel for intimate hygiene.
• Hygiene procedures must also be performed after sexual intercourse.
• Keep the hair on your pubis, scrotum and penis short or shave it. This will help prevent inflammation and infection.
• Any kind of sex is recommended to be performed with a condom. Especially when it comes to sexual contacts with casual partners.
• After unprotected sexual intercourse, it is recommended to wash the genitals using antiseptic preparations - Chlorhexidine, potassium permanganate solution.
• At the first symptoms of an inflammatory process, you need to see a urologist.
• Timely diagnosis of the disease and treatment will help protect against infections and pathological consequences of balanoposthitis and other diseases of the genital organs
• Since balanoposthitis can affect boys of any age and even newborns, let's look at the rules for preventing balanoposthitis in children.
• A newborn baby needs to choose diapers that match his size. Because large or small diapers will rub the baby's skin and lead to an inflammatory disease.
• Diapers should be changed 4-6 hours after the baby has emptied his bowels. Before changing the diaper, the baby's skin should be thoroughly wiped, especially in the perineum area. The hygiene products used should be hypoallergenic, that is, not irritate the skin.
• It is forbidden to try to open the head of the penis on your own. As this will lead to a tear in the skin and microcracks. The child will feel pain and an inflammatory process may begin.
• Adult boys should practice good hygiene, regularly wash their genitals, exposing the head of the penis, and change their underwear.
• At the first signs of an inflammatory process or any complaints from a child about pain when urinating or itching in the perineum, it is necessary to consult a urologist.

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Forecast

The prognosis of balanoposthitis depends entirely on the stage of the disease when the patient seeks medical help and how advanced the inflammatory process is. As a rule, the prognosis of balanoposthitis is favorable. But some forms of the disease can become chronic or recurrent. In advanced or acute balanoposthitis, the urologist may prescribe circumcision, that is, excision of the foreskin. In particularly difficult cases, amputation of the penis is performed and drainage is installed to remove urine.

Balanoposthitis is an inflammatory lesion of the head and foreskin of the penis. The danger of the disease is that even newborns are susceptible to it. And some forms of inflammation are transmitted during sexual intercourse and can occur in women. Following the rules of intimate hygiene, changing underwear and using condoms during sexual intercourse will help avoid inflammatory lesions. But at the first symptoms of inflammation and any other ailments in the genital area, it is necessary to seek medical help and treat balanoposthitis.

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