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Diffuse neuroendocrine system (APUD-system)
Last reviewed: 18.10.2021
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In the human body, there are numerous hormone-producing cells originating from neural cristae neuroblasts, ecto- and endoderms. These cells produce neuroamines and oligopeptides that have a hormonal and biologically active effect.
Endocrine cells are distributed in the form of cellular groups or individual endocrinocytes; they are combined into an APUD-system (Amine Precursors Uptake and Decarboxylation - absorption and decarboxylation of amine precursors). APUD-system complements and connects (unifies) the nervous and endocrine systems, carries out a sensitive control of homeostasis. The APUD-system includes parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, adrenal medulla cells, hypothalamic neurosecretory cells, pineal gland pinealocytes, parathyroid gland parathyroid cells, adenohypophysis endocrine cells, placenta, pancreas, respiratory tree, gastrointestinal tract.
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]