Antibiotics for colitis

Colitis is an inflammatory process that affects the inner mucous membrane of the large intestine. Colitis can be acute or chronic. In acute colitis, the symptoms of the disease are very acute, and the course of the disease is rapid and rapid. In this case, the inflammatory process can affect not only the large intestine, but also the small intestine. Chronic colitis occurs in a sluggish form, and, for quite a long time and constantly.

There are many reasons for the development of colitis:

• intestinal infections of viral and bacterial origin,
• inflammatory bowel disease,
• various disorders that affect the intestinal circulatory system,
• violations of the diet and quality of nutrition,
• the presence of various parasites in the intestines,
• long-term antibiotic treatment,
• taking laxatives that contain anthraglycosides,
• chemical intoxication of the colon,
• allergic reactions to a certain type of food,
• genetic predisposition to this disease,
• autoimmune problems,
• excessive physical exertion and fatigue,
• mental strain, prolonged stress and lack of a normal psychological atmosphere and opportunity for rest in everyday life,
• violation of healthy lifestyle rules,
• an incorrect daily routine, including problems with the quality of nutrition, work and rest.

The main method of therapy for colitis is a special diet and adherence to healthy lifestyle rules. Antibiotics for colitis are prescribed only if the cause of the disease is an intestinal infection. It is also recommended to use antibacterial drugs in the case of chronic colitis therapy, when, against the background of damage to the intestinal mucosa, a bacterial infection of the affected areas of the mucosa occurs. If colitis was caused by long-term use of antibiotics to treat another disease, they are canceled and additional methods of natural rehabilitation of the patient are used.

Typically, specialists use complex methods of treating colitis, which consist of dietary nutrition, heat treatment, visits to a psychotherapist, drug therapy, and spa treatment.

Antibiotics in the treatment of colitis

If the need for antibiotics is proven (for example, by laboratory test results), then specialists prescribe the following drugs:

• Sulfonamide groups are necessary for colitis with mild to moderate severity of the disease.
• Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs – for severe forms of the disease or in the absence of results from other treatment options.

If antibacterial therapy was prolonged or two or more drugs were used in combination therapy, patients develop dysbacteriosis in almost all cases. With this disease, the composition of the intestinal microflora changes: beneficial bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics along with harmful ones, which leads to the appearance of symptoms of intestinal dysfunction and deterioration of the patient's well-being. Such intestinal problems not only do not contribute to the patient's recovery, but on the contrary, stimulate the exacerbation and consolidation of chronic colitis in the patient.

Therefore, to achieve high treatment efficiency, it is necessary to use drugs that normalize the intestinal microflora in parallel with antibiotics. Probiotics (biological supplements that contain live cultures of microorganisms) or drugs that contain lactic acid starters are prescribed simultaneously or after a course of antibiotic therapy. It is also important to use drugs that normalize the functioning of the entire intestine: for example, Nystatin, which acts on pathogenic fungi, and Colibacterin, which consists of live intestinal bacteria, as well as auxiliary substances for intestinal function - propolis, soy extracts and vegetables.

Antibiotics are not a panacea for the treatment of colitis, so you need to be very careful with them and avoid self-prescribing medications to avoid serious complications from their use.

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Indications for the use of antibiotics in colitis

As it has already become known, not in all cases of the disease it is necessary to use antibacterial drugs for the purpose of therapy. Indications for the use of antibiotics in colitis, first of all, are convincing evidence of the presence of any intestinal infection that caused inflammatory processes in the intestine.

So, all intestinal infections can be divided into three groups:

• bacterial nature,
• viral nature,
• parasitic nature.

Colitis is most often caused by bacteria of the Shigella and Salmonella genus, and the patient begins to suffer from Shigella dysentery and salmonellosis. There are also cases of tuberculosis of the intestine, which leads to its inflammation. Colitis caused by viruses is also typical, and the patient's condition is classified as intestinal flu. Among parasitic infections, colitis can be caused by amoeba infection, which is expressed in amoebic dysentery.

The main infectious agents that cause inflammatory processes in the intestines were described above. Although before starting antibacterial treatment of colitis, it is necessary to undergo high-quality diagnostics and laboratory tests to identify the infection that caused the disease.

Release form

Currently, drugs are produced in more than one form. The form of release of the drug assumes its convenience in use for both adults and children.

• Levomycetin.

It is produced in tablets, which are packed in 10 pieces in a blister pack. One or two such packs are placed in a cardboard box.

The drug is also available as a powder in vials, which is used to prepare a solution for injections. Each vial may contain either 500 mg or 1 gram of the drug. Cardboard packages are available, which contain either one vial or ten vials.

• Tetracycline.

It is produced in capsules with a dosage of two hundred and fifty milligrams of the substance in each. It is also available in tablets in the form of coated dragees. The dosage of the substance in the dragees is five, one hundred twenty-five and two hundred fifty milligrams. For children, the production of depot tablets has been established, which contain one hundred twenty milligrams of the active substance. For adult patients, depot tablets are intended, which contain three hundred seventy-five milligrams of the active substance. The drug is also available in a ten percent suspension, as well as in granules of three milligrams each, from which a syrup for oral administration is prepared.

• Oletetrin.

It is produced in film-coated tablets, which are placed in a blister pack, ten pieces in each. Two blister packs are placed in a cardboard box so that each pack contains twenty tablets of the drug.

Also available in capsules. One capsule contains one hundred sixty-seven milligrams of tetracycline hydrochloride, eighty-three milligrams of oleandromycin phosphate and excipients.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

It is produced in sterile vials with a dosage of two hundred and fifty milligrams or five hundred milligrams.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

It is produced in vials containing injection solution in the amount of five hundred thousand or one million units in each vial. It is also produced in tablets of one hundred thousand units each, with twenty-five such tablets in a package. When produced in tablets of five hundred thousand units of the substance in each tablet, the package contains fifty such tablets.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

It is produced in vials with a solution of the drug in a dosage of two hundred fifty and five hundred milligrams, as well as one gram in one vial. The vials are made of glass, have a rubber stopper that closes each vial, and are closed with an aluminum cap on top. The vials are placed in a cardboard package, which contains fifty pieces of containers.

• Neomycin sulfate.

It is produced in tablets of one hundred milligrams each and two hundred and fifty milligrams each. It is also produced in glass bottles of five hundred milligrams each.

• Monomycin.

It is produced in glass bottles containing a solution of the active substance. There are two types of bottles: two hundred and fifty milligrams and five hundred milligrams, based on the active substance in the solution.

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Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in colitis

Each drug has its own pharmacological properties that can be effective in the treatment of intestinal diseases. The pharmacodynamics of antibiotics for colitis is expressed as follows:

• Levomycetin.

The drug is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with a wide spectrum of action. At the same time, it contributes to the disruption of protein synthesis processes in the microbe cell. It is effective against bacterial strains that are resistant to penicillin, tetracyclines and sulfonamides.

It has activity in destroying gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The same effect is observed in relation to pathogens of various diseases: purulent infections, typhoid fever, dysentery, meningococcal infections, hemophilic bacteria and many other strains of bacteria and microorganisms.

It is not effective against acid-resistant bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, clostridia, some strains of staphylococci resistant to the active substance of the drug, as well as protozoa and fungi. The development of resistance of microorganisms to the active substance of the drug occurs at a slow pace.

• Tetracycline.

The drug is a bacteriostatic antibacterial agent and belongs to the tetracycline group. The active substance of the drug disrupts the formation of complexes between transport RNA and ribosomes. This process suppresses protein production in the cell. It is active against gram-positive microflora - staphylococci, including those strains that produce penicillinase, streptococci, listeria, anthrax bacilli, clostridia, spindle bacilli and others. It has also proven itself in the fight against gram-negative microflora - hemophilic bacteria, whooping cough pathogens, E. coli, enterobacter, gonorrhea pathogens, shigella, plague bacillus, cholera vibrio, rickettsia, borrelia, pale spirochete and others. It can be used against some gonococci and staphylococci, the therapy of which cannot be carried out using penicillins. It actively fights dysenteric amoeba, chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci.

Some microorganisms are resistant to the active substance of the drug. These include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Serratia. Tetracycline also cannot affect most strains of bacteriodes, fungi and viruses. The same resistance has been found in beta-hemolytic streptococci belonging to group A.

• Oletetrin.

The drug is a combined antimicrobial drug and a broad spectrum of action, which includes tetracycline and oleandomycin. The drug reveals active bacteriostatic efficiency. In this regard, the active substances are able to inhibit the production of protein in microbial cells by influencing cellular ribosomes. This mechanism is based on disturbances in the formation of peptide bonds and the development of polypeptide chains.

The components of the drug are active against the following pathogenic microflora: staphylococci, anthrax bacteria, diphtheria, streptococci, brucella, gonococci, whooping cough pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Clostridia, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma, Spirochetes.

The emergence of resistance to Oletetrin in pathogenic microorganisms has been revealed as a result of research. But such a mechanism of addiction acts at a slower rate than when taking each active substance of the drug separately. Therefore, monotherapy with tetracycline and oleandomycin may be less effective than treatment with Oletetrin.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

Refers to antibacterial drugs that are produced by a certain type of spore-forming soil bacteria. It can also be formed by other microorganisms related to the above bacteria.

It exhibits high activity against gram-negative pathogenic microflora: it eliminates a large number of bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, and Brucella.

Some types of bacteria are resistant to the drug. These include Proteus, as well as gram-positive cocci, bacteria and microorganisms. The drug is not active against the microflora that is inside the cells.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

It is an antibacterial drug produced by spore-forming soil bacteria. The bactericidal effect is expressed in the disruption of the microorganism membrane. Due to the action of the active substance, its absorption occurs in the phospholipids of the microbe's cell membrane, which leads to an increase in its permeability, as well as to the lysis of the microorganism cell.

It is characterized by activity against gram-negative bacteria, which are Escherichia coli, Dysentery bacillus, Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid A and B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has a moderate effect on Fusobacteria and Bacteroides, with the exception of Bacteroides fragilis. It is not effective against coccal aerobes - staphylococci, streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathogens of gonorrhea and meningitis. It also does not affect the vital activity of a large number of strains of Proteus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, diphtheria pathogen and fungi. Microorganisms develop resistance to the drug slowly.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The drug belongs to the antibacterial drugs with a broad spectrum of action, which includes the aminoglycoside group.

It is active against tuberculosis mycobacteria, most gram-negative microorganisms, namely E. coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, including klebsiella that causes pneumonia, gonococci, meningitis pathogens, plague bacillus, brucellae and others. Gram-positive microorganisms such as staphylococci and corynebacteria are also susceptible to the active substance. Less effectiveness is observed against streptococci and enterobacter.

It is not an effective drug against anaerobic bacteria, rickettsia, proteus, spirochetes, pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The bactericidal effect occurs when it binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This destructive process then leads to the cessation of protein production in pathogenic cells.

• Neomycin sulfate.

A broad-spectrum drug, belongs to antibacterial agents and their narrower group of aminoglycosides. The drug is a mixture of neomycins of types A, B and C, which are produced during the life of a certain type of radiant fungus. It has a pronounced bactericidal effect. The mechanism of the active substance's influence on pathogenic microflora is associated with the effect on cellular ribosomes, which leads to inhibition of protein production by bacteria.

It is active against many types of gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic microflora, such as E. coli, Shigella, Proteus, Streptococcus aureus, and Pneumococcus. The same applies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It has low activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci.

It is not effective against pathogenic fungi, viruses and anaerobic bacteria.

The development of microflora resistance to the active substance occurs at a slow pace and to a fairly low degree.

There is a phenomenon of cross-resistance with the drugs Kanamycin, Framycetin, Paromomycin.

Oral administration of the drug results in its local effectiveness only against intestinal microorganisms.

• Monomycin.

The drug is active against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria (staphylococci, shigella, various serotypes of Escherichia coli, Friedlander pneumobacilli, some strains of Proteus). It is inactive against streptococci and pneumococci. It does not affect the development of anaerobic microorganisms, pathogenic fungi and viruses. It can suppress the activity of some groups of protozoa (amoebas, leishmania, trichomonas, toxoplasma). The drug has a pronounced bacteriostatic effect.

Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in colitis

The body reacts differently to each of the active substances that are components of drugs for the treatment of intestinal disorders. The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics for colitis is expressed as follows:

• Levomycetin.

The process of absorption of the drug occurs almost in full, that is, by ninety percent, and at a fast pace. The degree of bioavailability of the active substance is eighty percent. The presence of a connection with blood plasma proteins is characterized in the amount of fifty to sixty percent, and premature newborns show thirty-two percent of this process. The maximum amount of the active substance in the blood is observed after one to three hours from taking the drug. In this case, the state of therapeutic concentration of the active component in the blood is observed within four to five hours from the beginning of use.

It is able to penetrate well into all fluids and tissues of the body. The greatest concentration of the substance is accumulated by the liver and kidneys of a person. Bile collects up to thirty percent of the dose taken by a person. The concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid can be determined after an interval of four to five hours after the administration of the drug. Non-inflamed meninges accumulate up to fifty percent of the substance present in the plasma. Inflamed meninges concentrate up to eighty-nine percent of the substance contained in the blood plasma.

Capable of penetrating the placental barrier. Concentrated in fetal blood serum in an amount of thirty to fifty percent of the amount of the substance in maternal blood. Capable of penetrating into breast milk.

More than ninety percent of the substance is metabolized in the liver. The intestines promote hydrolysis of the drug and the formation of inactive metabolites, this process occurs under the influence of intestinal bacteria.

It is excreted from the body within two days: ninety percent of excretion occurs through the kidneys, from one to three percent through the intestines. The half-life in adults is from one and a half to three and a half hours, with impaired renal function in adults - from three to eleven hours. The half-life in children from one month to sixteen years is from three to six and a half hours, in newborns whose lifespan is from one to two days - twenty-four hours or more, in newborns with a lifespan of ten to sixteen days - ten hours.

The active substance is weakly susceptible to the process of hemodialysis.

• Tetracycline.

The absorption process of the drug reaches seventy-seven percent, the amount of which decreases if food is taken simultaneously with the use of the drug. Blood plasma proteins bind to the active substance in an amount of up to sixty-five percent.

The maximum concentration of the drug when taken orally is achieved in two to three hours. The therapeutic concentration of the substance is obtained with constant use of the drug for two to three days. Then, over the next eight days, a gradual decrease in the amount of the drug in the blood occurs. The level of the maximum concentration of the drug is up to three and a half milligrams per liter of blood, although the therapeutic effect occurs at a quantity of one milligram per liter of blood.

The active substance is distributed unevenly. The liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes accumulate the greatest amount. Bile accumulates five to ten times more of the drug than blood can accumulate. The thyroid gland and prostate gland have a concentration of tetracycline similar to blood serum. Breast milk, pleural ascitic fluid, and saliva concentrate from sixty to one hundred percent of the substance present in the blood. High concentrations of tetracycline accumulate in bone tissue, dentin, and enamel of baby teeth, and tumors. Tetracycline has poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier. Cerebrospinal fluid may contain up to ten percent of the substance. Patients with diseases of the central nervous system, as well as inflammatory processes in the meninges, have an increased concentration of the drug in the cerebrospinal fluid - up to thirty-six percent.

The drug is able to penetrate the placental barrier and is found in breast milk.

Minor metabolism occurs in the liver. The half-life of the drug is ten to eleven hours. Urine contains a high concentration of the substance two hours after taking the medication. The same amount is maintained for six to twelve hours. In the first twelve hours, the kidneys can eliminate up to twenty percent of the substance.

A smaller amount of the drug - up to ten percent - removes bile directly into the intestine. There, a process of partial reabsorption occurs, which leads to a long period of circulation of the active substance in the body. The drug is removed through the intestine up to fifty percent of the total amount taken. Hemodialysis slowly removes tetracycline.

• Oletetrin.

The drug has the properties of good intestinal absorption. Active components are well distributed among tissues and biological fluids of the body. Therapeutic concentrations of the drug components are formed at a rapid pace. These substances also have the ability to penetrate the hematoplacental barrier and are found in breast milk.

The active components of the drug are excreted mainly through the kidneys and intestines. The accumulation of active substances occurs in organs such as the spleen, liver, teeth, and tumor tissues. The drug has a low degree of toxicity.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

It is characterized by poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, most of the drug is excreted with feces unchanged. But these concentrations are sufficient to achieve a therapeutic result in the fight against intestinal infections.

Due to its poor absorption in the digestive system, this antibacterial drug is not detected in blood plasma, tissues and other biological fluids of the body.

It is not used parenterally due to its high toxicity to renal tissue.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

When taken orally, it has poor absorption parameters in the gastrointestinal tract, so it can only be effective in the treatment of intestinal infections. It has low toxicity with this method of using the drug. Parenteral administration of the drug is not recommended due to the high degree of nephrotoxicity, as well as the same level of neurotoxicity.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The drug has poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and is almost completely excreted from the intestine. Therefore, the drug is used parenterally.

Intramuscular administration of Streptomycin promotes rapid and almost complete absorption of the substance into the blood. The maximum amount of the drug is observed in the blood plasma after an interval of one or two hours. A single administration of Streptomycin in an average therapeutic amount suggests detection of the antibiotic in the blood after six to eight hours.

The substance is most fully accumulated by the lungs, kidneys, liver, and extracellular fluid. It does not have the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which remains intact. The drug is found in the placenta and breast milk, where it is able to penetrate in sufficient quantities. The active substance has the ability to bind to blood plasma proteins in an amount of ten percent.

With intact renal excretory function, even with repeated injections, the drug does not accumulate in the body and is well excreted from it. It is not capable of metabolizing. The half-life of the drug ranges from two to four hours. It is excreted from the body through the kidneys (up to ninety percent of the substance) and is not changed before this process. If kidney function is impaired, the rate of excretion of the substance slows down significantly, which leads to an increase in the concentration of the drug in the body. Such a process can cause the appearance of side effects of a neurotoxic nature.

• Neomycin sulfate.

The active substance, when taken orally, exhibits poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Approximately ninety-seven percent of the drug is excreted from the body with feces, and in an unchanged state. If the intestine has inflammatory processes of the mucous epithelium or its damage, then this increases the percentage of absorption. The same applies to cirrhosis processes that occur in the patient's liver. There is data on the process of absorption of the active substance through the peritoneum, respiratory tract, bladder, penetration through wounds and skin when they are inflamed.

Once the drug has been absorbed into the body, it is quickly excreted by the kidneys in an intact form. The half-life of the substance is two to three hours.

• Monomycin.

When taken orally, the drug exhibits poor absorption in the digestive tract - about ten or fifteen percent of the substance taken. The main amount of the drug does not change in the digestive system and is excreted with feces (about eighty-five to ninety percent). The level of the drug in the blood serum cannot exceed two to three milligrams per liter of blood. Urine excretes approximately one percent of the substance taken.

Intramuscular administration promotes rapid absorption of the drug. Its maximum amount in the blood plasma is observed within half an hour or an hour after the start of administration. The therapeutic concentration can be maintained at the desired level for six to eight hours. The dose of the drug affects its amount in the blood and the duration of its presence in the body. Repeated administration of the drug does not contribute to the effect of accumulation of the substance. Blood serum proteins bind to the active substance in small quantities. Distribution of the drug occurs mainly in the extracellular space. High concentrations of the drug accumulate in the kidneys, spleen, lungs, bile. A smaller amount accumulates in the liver, myocardium and other tissues of the body.

The drug penetrates the placental barrier well and circulates in the fetal blood.

It is not subject to biotransformation in the human body and can be excreted in active form.

The high content of the drug in human feces suggests its use for the treatment of various intestinal infections.

Parenteral administration promotes the excretion of up to sixty percent of the drug in the urine. If renal function is impaired, this promotes a slowdown in the excretion of monomycin, as well as an increase in its concentration in the blood plasma and tissues. This also promotes the duration of the circulation of the active substance in the body.

What antibiotics should I take for colitis?

Patients suffering from intestinal problems often ask themselves: what antibiotics should I take for colitis? The most effective are those antibacterial drugs that are poorly absorbed into the bloodstream in the intestines and are excreted from the body with feces almost unchanged and in high concentrations.

Antibacterial drugs with a broad spectrum of action are also good, because, firstly, it is not always possible to determine with certainty which microflora was the cause of colitis. In addition, in severe forms of the disease, complications in the form of other intestinal infections are possible. Therefore, it is important to choose the most effective remedy against as many types of pathogenic microflora as possible.

Antibiotics that are poorly absorbed into the blood are also good because they have low toxicity for the body. If you take them orally, this can protect the patient from a large number of side effects. In this case, the goal - the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines will be achieved.

Of course, these drugs are not always indicated for everyone, so below is a list of the most effective drugs for colitis, which have different characteristics.

Names of antibiotics for colitis

There are currently many antibacterial drugs that can be used to treat digestive problems caused by bacterial infection. However, we recommend sticking to time-tested drugs that have proven their effectiveness in combating pathogenic microflora.

The names of antibiotics for colitis that are recommended by specialists are as follows:

1. Levomycetin.
2. Tetracycline.
3. Oletetrin.
4. Polymyxin B sulfate.
5. Polymyxin-M sulfate.
6. Streptomycin sulfate.
7. Neomycin sulfate.
8. Monomycin.

It is worth understanding that the need to take any of the above drugs will be determined by a specialist, weighing all the advantages and disadvantages of each drug for the treatment of a particular disease. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the presence of contraindications to the selected drug, as well as high sensitivity to the active components of the drug, including allergic reactions. In addition, before starting therapy with the selected medication, it is important to check how sensitive the pathogenic intestinal microflora is to the active substances of the drug. Therefore, you should not self-medicate and prescribe yourself a drug without consulting and examining a specialist.

Antibiotics for ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a disease characterized by inflammatory processes in the large intestine with the formation of ulcers in it. In this case, the mucous epithelium of the rectum is most often affected, as well as other parts of the large intestine. The disease is recurrent or continuous chronic.

Ulcerative colitis usually occurs for three reasons: due to immunological disorders, as a result of intestinal dysbacteriosis, and due to the altered psychological state of the patient. Antibiotics for ulcerative colitis can only be used in the second case, when the cause of the disease is some intestinal infection.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is detected in seventy to one hundred percent of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. And the more severe the pathogenic process itself, the more severe the ulcerative colitis is and the more often it can be detected. Dysbacteriosis in the intestines takes a direct part in the development of ulcerative colitis. This happens because opportunistic intestinal microflora produces various toxic derivatives and so-called "enzymes of aggression" during its life. All this leads to damage to the intestinal walls and damages epithelial cells. These microorganisms contribute to the fact that superinfection, microbial allergy and autoimmune processes of disruption of its activity occur in the intestines and the human body.

In this case, the use of various antibacterial agents is indicated, which will eliminate the root cause of the disease. In parallel, dietary nutrition, therapy with sulfasalazine and its derivatives, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, as well as symptomatic therapy are used.

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Method of administration and dosage

In order to use each drug, it is necessary to carefully read the dosage, which is indicated in the instructions. Although in most cases the method of application and dosage is prescribed by a specialist after consulting the patient. You should not self-medicate and independently prescribe any drug from the antibiotic group.

Typically, medication is taken in the following manner.

• Levomycetin.

The tablet form of the drug is intended for oral use. The tablet is swallowed whole, not chewed or crushed. It must be washed down with plenty of liquid.

The medication is taken half an hour before eating. If patients experience nausea from the drug taken, it is recommended to use it an hour after finishing eating. The medication is taken at intervals that should be equal.

The course of treatment and dosage of the drug is prescribed by a specialist, since it is individual for each patient. Usually, the adult dose is from two hundred fifty to five hundred milligrams for each dose of the drug, which are three to four times a day. The maximum daily dose of the drug is four grams.

Children from three to eight years old take the drug at one hundred twenty-five milligrams three to four times a day. Children from eight to sixteen years old can use the drug in a dose of two hundred fifty milligrams three or four times a day.

The usual course of therapy lasts from seven to ten days. If the drug is well tolerated by the patient and there are no side effects, the course of treatment can be increased to fourteen days.

The powder form of the drug is used as a base for a solution, which is used as intramuscular and intravenous injections, i.e. parenterally. In childhood, only intramuscular administration of the drug is indicated.

The solution is prepared as follows: the contents of the vial are dissolved in two or three milliliters of water for injection. You can also use the same amount of 0.25- or 0.5-percent solution of novocaine. The Levomycetin solution is injected deep into the gluteal muscle, namely into its upper quadrant.

The solution for intravenous jet use is prepared as follows: the contents of the vial must be dissolved in ten milliliters of water for injection or in the same amount of 5- or 40-percent glucose solution. The duration of the injection is an interval of three minutes, and they are carried out after an equal amount of time.

The course of treatment with the drug and the dosage are calculated by a specialist based on the individual characteristics of the patient. The usual single dose is from five hundred to a thousand milligrams, which are taken two or three times a day. The maximum amount of the drug is four grams per day.

Children and adolescents from three to sixteen years old can use the medicine twice a day in the amount of twenty milligrams for each kilogram of the patient's body weight.

• Tetracycline.

It is necessary to determine in advance how sensitive the patient's pathogenic microflora is to the drug. The drug is used orally.

Adults take two hundred and fifty milligrams every six hours. The daily dose can be a maximum of two grams. For pediatric patients from seven years of age, the drug is prescribed twenty-five milligrams every six hours. The capsules are swallowed without chewing.

Tetracycline depot tablets are prescribed to adults one tablet every twelve hours on the first day, and then one tablet per day (375 milligrams) on subsequent days. Children take the drug one tablet every twelve hours on the first day, and then one tablet per day (120 milligrams) on subsequent days.

Suspensions are intended for children in quantities of twenty-five to thirty milligrams per kilogram of weight per day, this amount of medicine is divided into four doses.

Adults take syrups seventeen milliliters a day, divided into four doses. One to two grams of granules are used for this. Children take syrup in the amount of twenty to thirty milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight. This volume of the drug is divided into four daily doses.

• Oletetrin.

The drug is taken orally. The best way is to use the medicine half an hour before eating, and the drug should be washed down with a large amount of drinking water in a volume of up to two hundred milliliters.

The capsules are swallowed and the integrity of their shells must not be destroyed.

The course of treatment and dosage of the drug is determined by a specialist, based on the characteristics of the patient and the nature of his disease.

Usually, adults and teenagers take one capsule of the drug four times a day. It is best to do this at equal time intervals, for example, every six hours. A severe form of the disease is an indication for increasing the dosage of the drug. The maximum can be taken per day up to eight capsules. The average duration of treatment is from five to ten days.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

Before taking the drug, it is important to determine whether the pathogenic microflora that caused the disease is sensitive to this drug.

Intramuscular and intravenous (drip) administration occurs only in hospital conditions under the supervision of specialists.

For the intramuscular method, 0.5 to 0.7 milligrams per kilogram of the patient's weight are required, which are used three or four times a day. The maximum daily dose is no more than two hundred milligrams. For children, the drug is administered from 0.3 to 0.6 milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight three to four times a day.

Intravenous administration requires twenty-five to fifty milligrams of the drug to be dissolved in two hundred to three hundred milliliters of a five percent glucose solution. The solution is then administered dropwise at a rate of sixty to eighty drops per minute. The maximum dose for adults per day is up to one hundred and fifty milligrams of the drug. Children receive intravenously 0.3 to 0.6 milligrams of the drug per kilogram of the child's weight, which is diluted in thirty to one hundred milliliters of a 5-10 percent glucose solution. In case of impaired renal function, the dosage of the drug is reduced.

The drug is used internally in the form of an aqueous solution. Adults take 0.1 grams every six hours, children - 0.004 grams per kilogram of the child's body weight three times a day.

The course of treatment with the drug is from five to seven days.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

Before use, it is necessary to check how sensitive the pathogenic microflora that caused the disease is to the action of the drug.

Adults are prescribed the drug at five hundred milligrams - one gram four to six times a day. The maximum daily dose of the drug is two or three grams. The course of treatment is five to ten days.

The daily dose of the medicine for children is: for children aged three to four years - one hundred milligrams per kilogram of the child's body weight, divided into three or four doses; for children aged five to seven years - 1.4 grams per day; for children aged eight to ten years - 1.6 grams; for children aged eleven to fourteen years - two grams per day. The course of treatment is determined by the nature and severity of the disease, but not less than five days and not more than ten days.

Relapses of the disease may require additional use of the drug after a break of three to four days.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

Intramuscular administration of the drug involves a single use of five hundred milligrams - one gram of the drug. The daily amount of the drug is one gram, the maximum daily dose is two grams.

Patients who weigh less than fifty kilograms and people over sixty years of age can take only up to seventy-five milligrams of the drug per day.

The daily dose for children and adolescents is fifteen to twenty milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight. But you cannot use more than half a gram of the drug per day for children, and more than a gram for adolescents.

The daily dose of the drug is divided into three or four injections, with intervals between injections of six to eight hours. The usual course of therapy lasts from seven to ten days, the maximum treatment period is fourteen days.

• Neomycin sulfate.

It is important to test pathogenic microflora for sensitivity to the drug before using the medication.

It is used internally in tablet form and in solutions.

For adults, a single dose can be taken in the form of one hundred or two hundred milligrams; the daily dose of the drug is four milligrams.

Infants and preschoolers can take the drug in the amount of four milligrams per kilogram of the child's body weight. This amount of the drug is divided into two daily doses. Therapy can last for five, maximum seven days.

It is recommended for infants to use a solution of the medicine, which is prepared at the rate of one milliliter of liquid per four milligrams of the drug. In this case, the child can take as many milliliters of the solution as he or she weighs in kilograms.

• Monomycin.

The drug must be tested for effectiveness against the microorganisms that caused the disease.

Orally, adults are prescribed two hundred and fifty milligrams of the drug, which should be taken four to six times a day. Children take ten to twenty-five milligrams per kilogram of weight per day, divided into two or three doses.

The drug is used intramuscularly by adults at two hundred and fifty milligrams three times a day. The children's dose is four or five milligrams per kilogram of the child's weight, which is divided into three uses per day.

[ 18 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ], [ 21 ], [ 22 ], [ 23 ], [ 24 ]

Using Antibiotics for Colitis During Pregnancy

Expecting a baby is a direct contraindication to the use of many medications. The use of antibiotics for colitis during pregnancy is usually not recommended. You can read about the use of drugs of this group during this period of a woman's life below.

• Levomycetin.

The drug is contraindicated for use during pregnancy. During the lactation period, it is necessary to stop breastfeeding, so it is important to consult your doctor about the need to use the drug at this time.

• Tetracycline.

The drug is contraindicated for use during pregnancy, since tetracycline penetrates the placental barrier well and accumulates in the bone tissue and in the rudiments of the teeth of the fetus. This causes a violation of their mineralization, and can also lead to severe forms of developmental disorders of the bone tissue of the fetus.

The drug is not compatible with breastfeeding. The substance penetrates well into mother's milk and has a negative effect on the developing bones and teeth of the baby. In addition, tetracyclines can cause a photosensitivity reaction in the child, as well as the development of oral and vaginal candidiasis.

• Oletetrin.

The drug is prohibited to use during pregnancy. Since the substance tetracycline, which is part of the drug, has a negative effect on the fetus. For example, tetracycline leads to a slowdown in the growth of skeletal bones, and also stimulates fatty infiltration of the liver.

It is also not recommended to plan pregnancy while undergoing therapy with Oletetrin.

The lactation period is a contraindication to the use of this drug. If the question of the importance of using the drug during this period of time has arisen, then it is necessary to stop breastfeeding.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

Prescribed to pregnant women only if necessary for vital indications for the mother and low risk to the life and development of the fetus. Usually, it is not recommended for use during pregnancy.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

The drug is prohibited for use during pregnancy.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

It is used during this period only for vital indications in the mother, since there are no high-quality studies on the effect of the drug on humans. Streptomycin leads to deafness in children whose mothers took the drug during pregnancy. The active substance is able to penetrate the placenta and is concentrated in the fetal blood plasma in an amount of fifty percent of the amount of the substance present in the mother's blood. Streptomycin also leads to nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects on the fetus.

It penetrates into breast milk in some quantity, affects the intestinal microflora of the infant. But at a low level of the absorption process from the gastrointestinal tract, it does not cause other complications for infants. In this case, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding for the period of time when the mother is being treated with Streptomycin. 7.

• Neomycin sulfate.

During pregnancy, the drug can be used only for reasons of vital necessity for the expectant mother. Systemic absorption causes ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects on the fetus. There is no data on the penetration of neomycin into breast milk.

• Monomycin.

Use of the drug during pregnancy is contraindicated.

Contraindications to the use of antibiotics for colitis

Each medicine has cases in which it cannot be used. Contraindications to the use of antibiotics for colitis are as follows.

1. Levomycetin.

The drug is contraindicated in the following patients:

• having individual sensitivity to the active substances of the drug,
• having sensitivity to thiamphenicol and azidamphenicol,
• with disorders of hematopoietic functions,
• those with severe liver and kidney disease, as well as those suffering from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,
• prone to fungal skin diseases, psoriasis, eczema, porphyria,
• having acute respiratory diseases, including tonsillitis,
• up to three years of age.

The drug should be prescribed with caution to persons driving vehicles, elderly people, and those with cardiovascular diseases.

2. Tetracycline.

• the presence of high sensitivity to the active substance,
• renal failure,
• the presence of leukopenia,
• in case of existing fungal diseases,
• children under eight years of age,
• limited for use in patients with impaired liver function,
• should be prescribed with caution to patients who have persistent allergic reactions.

3. Oletetrin.

• intolerance to tetracycline and oleandomycin, as well as antibacterial agents from the tetracycline and macrolide groups,
• the presence of obvious renal impairment,
• existing problems with liver function,
• history of leukopenia,
• children under twelve years of age,
• the presence of a deficiency of vitamins K and group B, as well as a high probability of the occurrence of these avitaminoses,
• should be prescribed with caution to patients with cardiovascular insufficiency,
• It is also not recommended for patients who need to have fast psychomotor reactions and high concentration.

4. Polymyxin B sulfate.

• impaired renal function,
• the presence of myasthenia - muscle weakness,
• the presence of hypersensitivity to the active substances of the drug,
• the patient's history of allergic reactions.

5. Polymyxin-M sulfate.

• individual intolerance to the drug,
• liver dysfunction,
• kidney damage of functional and organic nature.

6. Streptomycin sulfate.

• diseases of the auditory and vestibular apparatus, which are caused by inflammatory processes of the 8th pair of cranial nerves and arise as a result of complications after existing otoneuritis - a disease of the inner ear,
• having a history of the most severe form of cardiovascular failure – stage 3 of the disease,
• severe renal failure,
• cerebrovascular accident,
• the appearance of obliterating endarteritis - inflammatory processes that occur on the inner lining of the arteries of the extremities, while the lumen of such vessels decreases,
• hypersensitivity to streptomycin,
• presence of myasthenia gravis,
• infancy.

7. Neomycin sulfate.

• kidney diseases - nephrosis and nephritis,
• diseases of the auditory nerve,
• Use with caution in patients with a history of allergic reactions.

8. Monomycin.

• severe degree of degenerative changes that involve disturbances in the tissue structure of organs such as the kidneys and liver,
• neuritis of the auditory nerve - inflammatory processes in this organ, having various causes of origin,
• It is prescribed with caution to patients who have a history of allergic reactions.

[ 11 ], [ 12 ]

Side effects of antibiotics for colitis

1. Levomycetin.

• Gastrointestinal tract: signs of nausea, vomiting, digestive disorders, problems with stool, stomatitis, glossitis, intestinal microflora disorders, enterocolitis. Long-term use of the drug provokes pseudomembranous colitis, which is an indication for complete discontinuation of the drug. At high doses of the drug, hepatoxic effects are observed.
• Cardiovascular system and hematopoietic functions: development of granulocytopenia, paclitopenia, erythrocytopenia, anemia (also the aplastic type of the disease), agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, changes in blood pressure, collapse are observed.
• Central and peripheral nervous systems: the appearance of headaches, dizziness, emotional lability, encephalopathy, confusion, increased fatigue, hallucinations, visual and auditory disturbances, as well as taste sensations.
• Allergic reactions: skin rash, itching, urticaria, dermatoses, Quincke's edema.
• Other reactions: the appearance of cardiovascular collapse, elevated body temperature, superinfection, dermatitis, Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.

2. Tetracycline

• The drug is generally well tolerated by patients. However, the following side effects can sometimes be observed.
• Digestive system: decreased appetite, nausea and vomiting, mild and severe diarrhea, changes in the mucous epithelium of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract - glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, proctitis, ulceration of the epithelium of the stomach and duodenum, hypertrophic changes in the papillae of the tongue, as well as signs of dysphagia, hepatotoxic effects, pancreatitis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, enterocolitis, increased activity of liver transaminases.
• Urinary system: occurrence of azotemia, hypercreatininemia, nephrotoxic effects.
• Central nervous system: increased intracranial pressure, headache, toxic effects - dizziness and instability.
• Hematopoietic system: the appearance of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, eosinophilia.
• Allergic and immunopathological reactions: skin redness, itching, urticaria, maculopapular rash, skin hyperemia, angioedema, Quincke's edema, anaphylactoid reactions, drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus, photosensitivity.
• Darkening of teeth in children who were prescribed the drug in the first months of their life.
• Fungal infections - candidiasis, which affect the mucous membrane and skin. Septicemia may also occur - infection of the blood with pathogenic microflora, which is a fungus of the genus Candida.
• The emergence of superinfection.
• The occurrence of hypovitaminosis of B vitamins.
• The appearance of hyperbilirubinemia.
• In the presence of such manifestations, symptomatic therapy is used, and treatment with tetracycline is interrupted and, if there is a need to use antibiotics, a drug that is not related to tetracyclines is used.

3. Oletetrin.

The drug, when used in a therapeutic dosage, is almost always well tolerated by patients. Some cases of drug therapy may cause the appearance of some side effects:

• Gastrointestinal tract – decreased appetite, symptoms of vomiting and nausea, pain in the epigastric region, abnormal stool, occurrence of glossitis, dysphagia, esophagitis. Decreased liver function may also be observed.
• Central nervous system – the appearance of increased fatigue, headache, dizziness.
• Hematopoietic system – occurrence of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hemolytic anemia, eosinophilia.
• Allergic reactions: photosensitivity, Quincke's edema, skin itching, urticaria.
• Other manifestations may occur – candidal lesions of the mucous epithelium of the oral cavity, vaginal candidiasis, dysbacteriosis, insufficient production of vitamin K and B vitamins, and the appearance of darkening of tooth enamel in pediatric patients.

4. Polymyxin B sulfate.

• Urinary system: damage to renal tissue – occurrence of renal tubular necrosis, appearance of albuminuria, cylindruria, azotemia, proteinuria. Toxic reactions increase with occurrence of renal excretory dysfunction.
• Respiratory system: occurrence of paralysis of the respiratory muscles and apnea.
• Digestive system: the appearance of pain in the epigastric region, nausea, loss of appetite.
• Central nervous system: the appearance of neurotoxic effects - dizziness, ataxia, disturbances of consciousness, the appearance of drowsiness, the presence of paresthesia, neuromuscular blockade and other damage to the nervous system.
• Allergic reactions: itching, skin rash, eosinophilia.
• Sense organs: various visual impairments.
• Other reactions: the appearance of superinfection, candidiasis, intrathecal administration provokes the appearance of meningeal symptoms, with local administration phlebitis, periphlebitis, thrombophlebitis, painful sensations at the injection site may develop.

5. Polymyxin-M sulfate.

• There are usually no side effects when using the drug orally. Although individual cases of side effects have been noted by specialists.
• These effects may occur with prolonged therapy with the drug and are expressed in the appearance of changes in kidney tissue.
• Sometimes allergic reactions may occur.

6. Streptomycin sulfate.

• Toxic and allergic reactions: the appearance of drug fever - a sharp increase in body temperature, dermatitis - inflammatory skin processes, other allergic reactions, the appearance of dizziness and headache, palpitations, the presence of albuminuria - detection of increased protein in the urine, hematuria, diarrhea.
• Complications in the form of damage to the 8th pair of cranial nerves and the appearance of vestibular disorders against this background, as well as hearing impairment.
• Long-term use of the drug provokes the development of deafness.
• Neurotoxic complications - headache, paresthesia (numbness in the limbs), hearing impairment - the drug should be discontinued. In this case, symptomatic therapy and pathogenetic therapy are started. Of the drugs, they resort to the use of Calcium pantothenate, Thiamine, Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal phosphate.
• If allergic symptoms appear, the drug is discontinued and desensitizing therapy is administered. Anaphylactic (allergic) shock is treated by taking immediate measures to bring the patient out of this condition.
• In rare cases, a serious complication may be observed, which may be caused by parenteral administration of the drug. In this case, signs of neuromuscular blockade are observed, which may even lead to respiratory arrest. Such symptoms may be characteristic of patients with a history of neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia or muscle weakness. Or such reactions develop after operations, when a residual effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants is observed.
• The first signs of neuromuscular conduction disorders are indications for the administration of intravenous calcium chloride solution and subcutaneous proserin solution.
• Apnea – temporary cessation of breathing – requires the patient to be connected to artificial ventilation.

7. Neomycin sulfate.

• Gastrointestinal tract: nausea, sometimes vomiting, loose stools.
• Allergic reactions – reddening of the skin, itching, etc.
• Damaging effect on the hearing organs.
• The appearance of nephrotoxicity, that is, a damaging effect on the kidneys, which in laboratory studies is manifested as the appearance of protein in the urine.
• Long-term use of the drug leads to the development of candidiasis - a certain disease caused by Candida fungi.
• Neurotoxic reactions – occurrence of tinnitus.

8. Monomycin.

• neuritis of the auditory nerve, that is, inflammatory processes of this organ,
• renal dysfunction,
• various digestive disorders expressed in dyspeptic form - the appearance of nausea, vomiting,
• various allergic reactions.

Side effects of antibiotics in colitis are an indication for discontinuing the use of the drug and prescribing symptomatic therapy if necessary.

Overdose

Any drug must be used in accordance with the dosage specified in the instructions. Overdose in the use of the drug is fraught with the appearance of symptoms that threaten the health and even the life of the patient

• Levomycetin.

If excessive doses of the drug are used, patients observe the emergence of problems with hematopoiesis, which is expressed in pale skin, pain in the larynx, increased general body temperature, the appearance of weakness and increased fatigue, the occurrence of internal bleeding and the presence of hematomas on the skin.

Patients who are hypersensitive to the components of the drug, as well as children, may experience bloating, nausea and vomiting, graying of the epidermis, cardiovascular collapse and respiratory distress, combined with metabolic acidosis.

A high dose of the drug causes disturbances in visual and auditory perception, as well as slow psychomotor reactions and the development of hallucinations.

An overdose of the drug is a direct indication for its cancellation. If Levomycetin was used in tablets, then in this case it is necessary to wash the patient's stomach and start taking enterosorbents. Symptomatic therapy is also indicated.

• Tetracycline.

An overdose of the drug increases all side effects. In this case, it is necessary to stop taking the drug and prescribe symptomatic therapy.

• Oletetrin.

Excessive doses of the drug may affect the appearance and increase of side effects of the components of the drug - tetracycline and oleandomycin. There is no information about the antidote used in this case. If there are cases of drug overdose, then specialists prescribe symptomatic therapy.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

No overdose symptoms have been described.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

There is no data on overdose.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The appearance of symptoms of neuromuscular blockade, which can lead to respiratory arrest. Infants demonstrate symptoms of central nervous system depression - the appearance of lethargy, stupor, coma, deep respiratory depression.

In the presence of such symptoms, it is necessary to use intravenous calcium chloride solution, as well as resort to the help of anticholinesterase agents - Neostigmine methylsulfate, subcutaneously. The use of symptomatic therapy is indicated, and if necessary - artificial ventilation of the lungs.

• Neomycin sulfate.

Symptoms of overdose include decreased neuromuscular conduction, even respiratory arrest.

When these symptoms appear, therapy is prescribed, during which adults receive an intravenous injection of a solution of anticholinesterase drugs, for example, Prozerin. Also indicated are drugs containing calcium - a solution of calcium chloride, calcium gluconate. Before using Prozerin, Atropine is used intravenously. Children receive only drugs with calcium.

In severe cases of respiratory depression, artificial ventilation is indicated. Excessive doses of the drug can be removed by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

• Monomycin.

In case of overdose, the following symptoms may appear: nausea, thirst, ataxia, tinnitus, hearing loss, dizziness and respiratory dysfunction.

When these conditions occur, symptomatic and supportive therapy should be used, as well as anticholinesterase medications. Critical situations with the respiratory system require the use of artificial ventilation.

Interactions of antibiotics with other drugs in colitis

• Levomycetin.

If the antibiotic is used for a long time, then in some cases an increase in the duration of action of Alfetanin is observed.

Levomycetin is contraindicated in combination with the following drugs:

• cyostatic drugs,
• sulfonamides,
• Ristomycin,
• Cimetidine.

Also, Levomycetin is not compatible with radiation therapy technology, due to the fact that the combined use of the above-mentioned drugs greatly suppresses the hematopoietic functions of the body.

When used in parallel, Levomycetin acts on oral hypoglycemic agents as a catalyst for their effectiveness.

If this antibiotic is used as a treatment and Phenobarbital, Rifamycin and Rifabutin are used simultaneously, then in this case such a combination of drugs leads to a decrease in plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol.

When using Paracetamol simultaneously with Levomycetin, an effect of increasing the half-life of the latter from the human body is observed.

If you combine the use of Levomycetin and oral contraceptives that contain estrogens, iron preparations, folic acid and cyanocobalamin, this leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the above contraceptives.

Levomycetin is capable of changing the pharmacokinetics of such drugs and substances as Phenytoin, Cyclosporine, Cyclophosphamide, Tacrolimus. The same applies to drugs whose metabolism involves the cytochrome P450 system. Therefore, if there is a need for the simultaneous use of these drugs, it is important to adjust the dosages of the above drugs.

If Levomycetin and Chloramphenicol are used simultaneously with Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Levorin and Nystatin, then such prescription of drugs leads to a mutual decrease in the effectiveness of their action.

When ethyl alcohol and this antibiotic are used in parallel, a disulfiram-like reaction of the body develops.

If Cycloserine and Levomycetin are used simultaneously, this leads to an increase in the toxic effect of the latter.

• Tetracycline.

The drug helps suppress intestinal microflora, and in connection with this, the prothrombin index decreases, which suggests a reduction in the dosage of indirect anticoagulants.

Bactericidal antibiotics that promote disruption of cell wall synthesis are less effective when exposed to Tetracycline. These drugs include the penicillin and cephalosporin groups.

The drug reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives that contain estrogen. This increases the risk of breakthrough bleeding. When combined with Retinol, there is a risk of increased intracranial pressure.

Antacids containing aluminum, magnesium and calcium, as well as drugs containing iron and Cholestyramine lead to a decrease in the absorption of Tetracycline.

The action of the drug Chymotrypsin leads to an increase in the concentration and duration of circulation of Tetracycline.

• Oletetrin.

If the drug is taken in combination with milk and other dairy products, this combination slows down the intestinal absorption of tetracycline and oleandomycin. The same applies to drugs containing aluminum, calcium, iron and magnesium. A similar effect is observed when taking Colestipol and Cholestyramine with Oletetrin. If there is a need to combine the drug with the above drugs, their intake should be separated by a time interval of two hours.

Oletetrin is not recommended for use with bactericidal medications.

When combining the drug with Retinol, there is a possibility of increased intracranial pressure.

Antithrombotic drugs reduce their effectiveness when used simultaneously with Oletetrin. If such a combination is necessary, it is important to constantly monitor the level of antithrombotic drugs and adjust the dosage.

Oral contraceptives are less effective under the influence of Oletetrin. Also, simultaneous use of hormonal contraceptives and the drug can lead to uterine bleeding in women.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

It promotes a synergistic effect with respect to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ampicillin and carbenicillin in influencing various types of bacteria.

Batrycin and nystatin are combined when taken simultaneously.

The drug and curare-like drugs cannot be used simultaneously. The same applies to curare-potentiating drugs.

The same ban applies to antibacterial drugs that are aminoglycosides - Streptomycin, Monomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin. This is due to the increased nephro- and ototoxicity of the above-mentioned drugs, as well as an increase in the level of muscle relaxation that they and neuromuscular blockers cause.

When taken simultaneously, it helps to reduce heparin in the blood by forming complexes with the above-mentioned substance.

If the medicine is placed in solutions with the following drugs, their incompatibility will be revealed. This concerns sodium salt, Ampicillin, Levomycetin, antibacterial agents related to cephalosporins, Tetracycline, isotonic sodium chloride solution, amino acid solutions and heparin.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

The drug may be used simultaneously with other antibacterial drugs that affect gram-positive microorganisms.

The drug is incompatible with solutions of Ampicillin and sodium salt, tetracyclines, Levomycetin, a group of cephalosporins. Also, such incompatibility is manifested in relation to isotonic sodium chloride solution, various amino acid solutions, and heparin.

Five percent glucose solution, as well as hydrocortisone solution, are compatible with the drug.

If you take aminoglycoside antibiotics with Polymyxin sulfate, this combination increases the nephrotoxicity of the above-mentioned drugs.

Benzylpenicillin salts and Erythromycin lead to an increase in the activity of Polymyxin sulfate when used together.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

It is prohibited to use the drug in parallel with antibacterial drugs that have an ototoxic effect - lead to damage to the hearing organs. These include the action of Kanimycin, Florimycin, Ristomycin, Gentamicin, Monomycin. The same prohibition applies to Furosemide and curare-like - drugs that relax skeletal muscles.

It is prohibited to mix the drug in one syringe or in one infusion system with antibacterial drugs from the penicillin and cephalosporin series, which are beta-lactam antibiotics. Although the simultaneous use of these drugs leads to synergism of their action against some types of aerobes.

A similar incompatibility of a physical and chemical nature also concerns Heparin, therefore it also cannot be used in the same syringe with Streptomycin.

The elimination of Streptomycin from the body is slowed down by such drugs as Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone, as well as other NSAIDs that contribute to the disruption of renal blood flow.

Simultaneous and/or sequential use of two or more agents from the aminoglycoside group – Neomycin, Gentamicin, Monomycin, Tobramycin, Methylmycin, Amikacin – leads to a weakening of their antibacterial properties and a parallel increase in toxic effects.

Streptomycin is incompatible with the following drugs: Viomycin, Polymyxin-B sulfate, Methoxyflurane, Amphotericin B, Ethacrynic acid, Vancomycin, Capreomycin and other oto- and neophrotoxic drugs. The same applies to Furosemide.

Streptomycin may enhance neuromuscular blockade if inhalational anesthetics, namely methoxyflurane, curare-like drugs, opioid analgesics, magnesium sulfate and polymyxins are used parenterally. The same effect is achieved by transfusing large amounts of blood and citrate preservatives.

Simultaneous use leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of drugs from the antimyasthenic group. Therefore, it is important to adjust the dosage of drugs from this group during parallel treatment with Streptomycin and after the end of such therapy.

• Neomycin sulfate.

Systemic absorption sometimes enhances the effectiveness of indirect anticoagulants by reducing the synthesis of vitamin K by intestinal microflora. Also due to this, cardiac glycosides, fluorouracil, methotrexate, phenoxymethylpenicillin, vitamins A and B12, chenodeoxycholic acid, and oral contraceptives reduce their effectiveness.

Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Monomycin, Gentamicin, Viomycin and other nephro- and ototoxic antibiotics are incompatible with the drug. When taken together, the chances of developing toxic complications also increase.

When combined with the drug, there are agents that increase ototoxic, nephrotoxic effects, and can also lead to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. This aspect of interaction concerns inhalation general anesthetics, including halogenated hydrocarbons, citrate preservatives used in large blood transfusions, as well as polymyxins, ototoxic and nephrotoxic drugs, including Capreomycin and other antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, drugs that help block neuromuscular transmission.

• Monomycin.

It is prohibited to use the drug parenterally and other antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group - Streptomycin sulfate, Gentamicin sulfate, Kanamycin, Neomycin sulfate. The same prohibition applies to cephalosporins, polymyxins, because these interactions lead to increased oto- and nephrotoxicity.

The simultaneous use of the drug and curare-like agents is not allowed, as this may lead to the development of neuromuscular blockade.

It is possible to combine the drug and benzylpenicillin salts, Nystatin, Levorin. The combined use of the drug and Eleutherococcus has good efficiency in the treatment of dysentery.

The interaction of antibiotics with other drugs for colitis is an important aspect of maintaining human health. Therefore, it is important to read the instructions before using any medicine and follow the recommendations specified in it.

Storage conditions for antibiotics for colitis

• Levomycetin.

The drug is kept in a place inaccessible to children at a temperature not exceeding thirty degrees. The room must be dry and darkened.

• Tetracycline.

The medicine belongs to list B. Store out of reach of children, in a dry, dark room, at an air temperature not exceeding twenty-five degrees.

• Oletetrin.

The medicine is placed in a place that is inaccessible to children. The temperature of the room in which the medicine is placed should vary from fifteen to twenty-five degrees.

• Polymyxin B sulfate.

The medicine is stored in a place inaccessible to children, protected from direct sunlight. The drug should be kept in the original sealed packaging at an ambient temperature of no more than twenty-five degrees.

• Polymyxin-M sulfate.

The drug belongs to list B. Store at room temperature and in a place inaccessible to children.

• Streptomycin sulfate.

The medicine is included in List B. It is kept at an ambient temperature that does not exceed twenty-five degrees in a place where children have no access.

• Neomycin sulfate.

The medicine belongs to list B and is stored in a dry place at room temperature out of reach of children. Solutions of the medicine are prepared immediately before use.

• Monomycin.

The drug is included in list B and should be stored at a temperature of up to twenty degrees, in a dry place, inaccessible to children.

It can be noted that the storage conditions for antibiotics for colitis are approximately the same for all drugs.

[ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ], [ 29 ], [ 30 ], [ 31 ], [ 32 ], [ 33 ]

Best before date

Each drug has its own expiration date, after which it is prohibited to use it to treat diseases. Antibiotics used for colitis are no exception. Let's consider in detail each drug recommended for colitis.

• Levomycetin - the medication has a shelf life of five years.
• Tetracycline – three years from date of manufacture.
• Oletetrin – the drug must be used within two years from the date of manufacture.
• Polymyxin B sulfate is a medicinal product that is suitable for use for five years from the date of manufacture.
• Polymyxin-M sulfate is a medicinal product suitable for use for three years from the date of manufacture.
• Streptomycin sulfate - the drug can be used for three years from the date of manufacture.
• Neomycin sulfate - the drug can be used for three years from the date of its production.
• Monomycin – the drug must be used within two years from the date of manufacture.

Antibiotics for colitis are an extreme measure that can be used only if there is a proven intestinal infection that caused the disease. Therefore, if you suspect colitis, you should not self-medicate, but seek the services of specialists who can make a correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate methods of treating the disease.