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The food additive carrageenan may disrupt the intestinal barrier and increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Last reviewed: 03.07.2025
The additive carrageenan (E 407), widely used in the food industry, is associated with the development of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers and increased blood sugar levels in animals. However, the effect of carrageenan on the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans remains unclear.
What did the study show?
A team of researchers from the German Diabetes Center (DZD), led by Professors Robert Wagner and Norbert Stephan, conducted a clinical study published in the journal BMC Medicine.
The study involved young, healthy men with a body mass index (BMI) of less than 30 kg/m² (mean 24.5 kg/m²). The participants were divided into two groups: one group received carrageenan in an amount equivalent to 2-3 times the daily dose consumed in the United States, and the other group received a placebo.
Key Results
Increased small intestinal permeability
Carrageenan caused an increase in intestinal wall permeability, likely due to inflammation. This may weaken the intestinal barrier function and increase the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases.Decreased insulin sensitivity
Although there were no significant changes in insulin action among the participants, those with higher weights had decreased insulin sensitivity, especially in the liver. This is an early sign of developing type 2 diabetes.Inflammation and Metabolism
Overweight participants showed increased inflammatory markers in the blood and signs of inflammation in the hypothalamus, the area of the brain responsible for regulating sugar and appetite.
Conclusions and Prospects
Professor Stefan noted that the study participants were too healthy to show significant metabolic changes in a short period of time. In older or overweight people, these effects may be more pronounced, and further studies are needed to confirm the results.
"The widespread use of carrageenan in foods requires serious attention to potential health risks," Professor Wagner said.
What does this mean for consumers?
The findings highlight the importance of studying the impact of food additives on human health. Carrageenan is found in a wide range of foods, including desserts, yogurts, sauces and drinks. Being aware of its potential effects can help you make more informed choices when buying food.