What and how much to drink antibiotics for scarlatina?

A dangerous disease that occurs in adults and children is scarlet fever. Let's consider the features of its treatment with antibiotics, types of drugs and their effectiveness.

Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease that manifests itself as a pinpoint rash, fever, intoxication of the body, and sore throat. Infection occurs through airborne droplets and contact. The causative agent is group A streptococcus. This disorder is one of the most common in children. Certain strains of streptococci can lead to serious rheumatoid complications and connective tissue lesions.

The main distinguishing features of the disease:

• Acute damage to the tonsils and skin small-cell rashes of a generalized nature, which a couple of days after infection are replaced by severe peeling.
• The infection most often occurs in the cold season of October-April, and children aged 5-13 are most susceptible to it. The disease begins suddenly, with various inflammatory reactions.

The main danger of this pathology for humans is the production of specific toxins by streptococci. They are capable of destroying blood cells, epithelium and mucous membranes. Toxins act as powerful allergens that can change the patient's immunological status, provoking various autoimmune processes. Against this background, lytic enzymes are produced that destroy human tissues, including muscle fibers and hyaluronic cartilage. This leads to various disorders of the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system.

Antibiotics for scarlet fever can reduce the severity of painful symptoms and the risk of complications. Antibacterial agents are indicated for both children and adults. Without such therapy, the streptococcal pathogen is contagious to others. The drugs are prescribed by a doctor, but only after a thorough diagnosis of the patient's condition. Self-treatment of scarlet fever or taking antibiotics is dangerous, as this threatens serious complications.

Indications antibiotics for scarlet fever

All antibacterial drugs have specific indications for use. The pathogen and its sensitivity to certain antibacterial substances play an important role in choosing medications. Scarlet fever occurs due to streptococcal infection. The following antibiotics are indicated for its treatment:

• Penicillins are the first choice drugs. They are effective against infections of any severity, form and type.
• Macrolides are drugs of the second group, which are prescribed for intolerance to penicillins or severe allergic reactions to them.
• Cephalosporins and lincosamides - they are used extremely rarely, that is, in case of intolerance to the two above-mentioned groups.

Medicines are prescribed after examining the patient and making a final diagnosis.

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Release form

Antibiotics for scarlet fever are used from the first days of the disease. The form of the drug is selected individually for each patient. If these are children, then preference should be given to syrups, lozenges and capsules for dissolution in water. In order for antibacterial therapy to be effective, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

• Suspensions and tablets are used for mild and moderate forms of the disease. If the disorder is severe or complicated, it is better to use injections, preferably in a hospital setting.
• The use of antibiotics should not exceed 10 days. If the course of therapy is not completed completely, it will not remove the streptococcal infection from the body and will transfer the disease to a chronic form. Long-term use of antibiotics is also not recommended. This is due to the risk of disruption of the body's microflora.

Any antibacterial agents can be used only as prescribed by a doctor. Self-treatment of scarlet fever is dangerous due to the risk of complications.

Names

Today, the pharmaceutical market offers a variety of drugs for the treatment of scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. The names of the drugs are, in most cases, based on the active ingredients that make up their composition. The use of antibiotics should be taken seriously and with caution. Before starting therapy, the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to antibacterial drugs should be established.

Streptococcus, which causes scarlet fever, is most effectively killed by the penicillin group of antibiotics, so it is better to start treatment with them. If the infection is severe or penicillins are not effective, then macrolides are prescribed. In case of allergic reactions to the two above-mentioned groups, the doctor prescribes cephalosporins.

The main groups of antibiotics for scarlet fever:

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Penicillins

Active against a wide range of harmful microorganisms. They are used primarily, regardless of the type and severity of the disease. Medicines in this group do not have toxic properties and do not have side effects on the body.

1. Amoxiclav

Combined antibacterial agent. Contains several active components: amoxicillin (penicillin) and clavulanic acid (beta-lactamase inhibitor). Active against streptococci, staphylococci and other gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. It is well absorbed and quickly spreads throughout the body, penetrating all tissues and fluids.

• Indications for use: acute infectious diseases, sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, retropharyngeal abscess, otitis, scarlet fever, urinary tract infections, bone and joint lesions, chancroid. Prevention of purulent-septic complications after surgical interventions on the pelvic organs, heart, bile ducts, abdominal cavity. The product is used to treat mixed infections, in orthopedic practice and maxillofacial surgery.
• The tablets are taken before meals, without chewing and with a sufficient amount of water. The dosage depends on the severity of the disease, the patient's age and the characteristics of his body. The course of treatment is 5-14 days. For children under 6 years old, the drug is prescribed in the form of syrup. For patients from 6 to 12 years old, 40 mg / kg per day in 3 doses, for children weighing over 40 kg and for adults, 250 + 125 mg every 8 hours, i.e. 3 times a day.
• Side effects are usually temporary and mild. Most often, patients experience bouts of nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, bowel disorders, flatulence, gastritis, stomatitis. Various allergic reactions, headaches and dizziness, sleep disorders, etc. are also possible.
• Contraindications: cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis, intolerance to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation. In case of overdose, insomnia, dizziness, increased agitation, convulsions appear. Symptomatic therapy and hemodialysis are indicated for treatment.

2. Augmentin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic. Destroys bacteria, is active against a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The drug has several forms of release: tablets for oral use, syrup in bottles, dry substance for the preparation of suspension and drops, powder for injections.

• Indications for use: bacterial infections caused by sensitive microorganisms, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis, empyema, lung abscesses, bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues, urogenital tract infections, cystitis, urethritis, sepsis, pyelonephritis. Infections of the pelvic organs, syphilis, gonorrhea, osteomyelitis, septicemia, postoperative infections.
• The dosage is set individually for each patient. For children under 1 year old, the drug is prescribed in the form of drops with a dosage of 0.75-1.25 ml per day. For children under 12 years old, syrup or suspension is prescribed 5-10 ml 3 times a day. Children over 12 years old and adults are recommended to take tablets, 1 capsule 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 5-10 days.
• Side effects: digestive disorders, allergic reactions, dizziness and headaches. The drug is contraindicated in case of intolerance to its components, severe liver dysfunction, urticaria, pregnancy.

3. Bicillin

An antimicrobial agent similar in its action to benzylpenicillin. It dissolves poorly, so it creates a penicillin depot in the body for a long period of time. It is low-toxic and does not accumulate in the body. The medication is available in vials of 300,000 U and 600,000 U.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. The drug is administered intramuscularly 1-2 times a week, in the dosage prescribed by the doctor. For pediatric patients, the dose is calculated at 5,000-10,000 U/kg once a month or 20,000 U/kg 2 times a month.
• Side effects are manifested in the form of allergic reactions. Bicillin is contraindicated in bronchial asthma, urticaria and other allergic diseases, hay fever and hypersensitivity to benzylpenicillin.

4. Amoxicillin

A bactericidal antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action, is active against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci and rods. Acid-resistant, quickly and completely absorbed in the intestine. The drug is available in the form of tablets for oral use, capsules with an enteric coating, a solution for oral administration, a suspension and a dry substance for injection.

• Indications for use: inflammation of the bronchi and lungs, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pyelonephritis, urethritis, gonorrhea and other infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.
• The form of the drug, its dosage and duration of therapy are determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient. For children from 2 to 5 years old, 25 mg 3 times a day, from 5 to 10 years old, 125 mg, for adults, 500 mg 3 times a day. If the drug is prescribed for patients under 2 years old, the dosage is calculated at 20 mg / kg of body weight for three doses.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the outer shell of the eye, joint pain, fever. In rare cases, superinfection may develop.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to penicillins, infectious mononucleosis. The drug is prescribed with special caution during pregnancy if there is a tendency to allergic reactions.

Macrolides

Drugs of this group are prescribed in case of intolerance or allergy to penicillins.

1. Sumamed

A broad-spectrum antibiotic with the active substance azithromycin. It is active against gram-positive cocci and some anaerobic microorganisms. It has several forms of release: oral tablets 125, 250 and 500 mg, powder for suspension 20 and 30 ml.

• Indications for use: infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract and ENT organs, tonsillitis, sinusitis, scarlet fever, otitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, skin and soft tissue infections, erysipelas, Lyme disease, secondarily infected dermatoses.
• The method of administration and dosage depend on the form of the drug. The medicine is taken once a day, one hour before or two hours after meals. For adults, 500 mg for 3 days, for children, 10 mg/kg once a day for 3 days.
• Side effects: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and flatulence, increased liver enzymes, skin allergic reactions, bowel disorders. Overdose causes vomiting and nausea, temporary hearing loss, diarrhea. Treatment is symptomatic, gastric lavage is possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to macrolides, severe liver and kidney dysfunction. The drug is prescribed with special caution in case of allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

2. Clarithromycin

Antibacterial agent, semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. Due to the change in the substance molecule, bioavailability is improved and the stability of the drug in pH conditions is increased, its antibacterial activity is expanded. Available in the form of tablets for oral use of 250 and 500 mg.

• Indications for use: scarlet fever, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, folliculitis, erysipelas, streptoderma, bronchitis, pneumonia, dental and jaw infections. Effective in the complex treatment of Helicobacter pylori eradication, in local infections caused by Mycobacterium (fortuitum, chelonae, kensasii).
• Directions for use: 250 mg twice daily for children over 12 years of age and adults, treatment course 5-14 days. Tablets can be taken regardless of meals, with a sufficient amount of liquid.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, epigastric pain, taste changes, headaches and dizziness, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, tinnitus. Various allergic reactions, tachycardia, and increased activity of liver transaminases may also occur.
• Contraindications: patients under 12 years of age, allergic reactions to Clarithromycin and its components. In case of overdose, increased side effects are observed. Treatment is symptomatic, gastric lavage is possible. Hemodialysis is ineffective.

3. Azithromycin

A broad-spectrum antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Affects gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacteria, some anaerobic microorganisms. Available in tablet, capsule and syrup form.

• Indications for use: sore throat, sinusitis, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, otitis, atypical pneumonia, bronchitis, erysipelas, secondarily infected dermatoses, infectious lesions of the genitourinary tract, cervicitis, Lyme disease.
• Before using the drug, it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to it. The drug should be taken one hour before meals or two hours after. Adults are prescribed 500 mg on the first day of therapy and 250 mg from the 2nd to the 5th day. The dosage for children is calculated at 10 mg/kg. The duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: nausea and vomiting, flatulence, transient increase in liver enzymes, allergic skin reactions.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation. The drug is prescribed with special caution in case of allergic reactions in the anamnesis.

Lincosamides and cephalosporins

Medicines of these groups are used in cases of intolerance to penicillins and macrolides.

1. Lincomycin

An antimicrobial agent from the lincosimides group. It has bacteriostatic properties against a wide range of harmful microorganisms. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative infectious agents. Resistance to the drug develops very slowly. It is available in capsules of 250 mg of the active component.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases of bones and joints, otitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, erysipelas, infected purulent wounds, furunculosis, mastitis and other diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.
• The method of administration and dosage are determined by the attending physician. For children from 6 to 14 years old and weighing more than 25 kg, 30 mg/kg is prescribed. The daily dosage should be divided into several doses at equal intervals. Adult patients are prescribed 500 mg three times a day. The course of treatment is 1-2 weeks, in severe cases of the disease it can be extended to 3 weeks.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region, increased activity of liver enzymes, esophagitis, neutropenia, skin allergic reactions, muscle weakness, headaches and dizziness.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug, patients under 6 years of age. No cases of overdose have been recorded.

2. Cefadroxil

A tablet antibiotic, a first-generation cephalosporin for oral use. It has bactericidal activity against a wide range of harmful microorganisms, both gram-positive and gram-negative.

Indications for use: infectious and inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug, lesions of the upper and lower respiratory tract, infections of the skin, soft tissues, bones, urinary tract. The drug is not used in case of hypersensitivity to its components and beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

The drug is prescribed for patients weighing more than 40 kg in a dosage of 100-200 mg per day in 1-2 doses. The course of treatment is 7-14 days. Side effects are manifested in the form of allergic reactions, dysbacteriosis, candidiasis, dizziness and headaches.

3. Cefuroxime

Semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic of the second generation. It has bactericidal properties against most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a detrimental effect on strains that are insensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin. It is available in the form of powder for the preparation of an injection solution.

• Indications for use: various degrees of severity of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, ENT diseases, lesions of the genitourinary system, bones, joints, soft tissues, abdominal organs, gastrointestinal tract, as well as for the prevention of infectious complications during surgical interventions.
• Method of administration and dosage: for newborns, 30-60 mg/kg of body weight is prescribed every 6-8 hours. For children aged 1 year and older, 30-100 mg/kg per day every 6-8 hours, for older patients, 750 mg. In case of overdose, signs of increased CNS excitation and convulsions may occur. Hemodialysis is used for treatment.
• Side effects are mild and reversible. Most often, patients experience various gastrointestinal disorders, leukopenia, decreased hemoglobin levels, headaches, and dizziness. Temporary hearing loss and skin allergic reactions are possible.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug, hypersensitivity to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics.

4. Cefazolin

A drug with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The drug is similar in action to penicillins, as it inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is available in the form of powder for the preparation of an injection solution.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, scarlet fever, peritonitis, lung abscess, osteomyelitis, wound and burn infections, lung abscess, infectious diseases of the skin and soft tissues, musculoskeletal system, urinary tract.
• Method of administration: the drug is administered intramuscularly and intravenously, i.e. by jet or drip. The daily dose for adults is 100-400 mg, for children over 1 month 20-50 mg/kg of body weight, divided into 3-4 doses.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, phlebitis is possible with intramuscular administration. The drug is not used in case of intolerance to its components, during pregnancy, for the treatment of premature babies and patients under 1 month.
• Overdose is temporary and manifests itself with the following symptoms: dizziness and headaches, paresthesia, convulsions, vomiting, tachycardia. Hemodialysis is indicated to eliminate adverse reactions.

Antibiotics for scarlet fever can only be taken as prescribed by a doctor, strictly following the instructions. During treatment, you should abstain from alcohol. It is strictly contraindicated to violate the dosage or duration of use of drugs.

Zinnat

An antibiotic from the group of second-generation cephalosporins. It has a broad spectrum of action, bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity (destroys bacterial cell walls). Contains the active component - cefuroxime, which acetylates membrane-bound transpeptidases, disrupting the cross-linking of peptide glycans, which is responsible for the strength and rigidity of cell walls. Resistant to beta-lactamases, active against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms.

The drug is available in two forms: tablets for oral use and granules for suspension. One tablet contains 125 or 250 mg of cefuroxime asketil. After oral administration, the drug is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyzes on the intestinal mucosa, and enters the bloodstream. The drug is absorbed faster when taken with food. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma is achieved 2-3 hours after administration. It is excreted unchanged in the urine.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. The drug is prescribed for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscesses, ENT infections, scarlet fever, postoperative infections and genitourinary system lesions. The drug is used for skin and soft tissue infections, sepsis, peritonitis, meningitis, gonorrhea.
• Directions for use: Tablets and syrup are recommended to be taken during or after meals. The duration of therapy is determined by the attending physician, individually for each patient. On average, the course of treatment lasts 5-7 days. For adults, 250 mg is prescribed 2 times a day, for children 3-6 months, 40-60 mg twice a day, for patients over 6 months, 60-120 mg twice a day, and for children 2-12 years old, 125 mg 2 times a day.
• Side effects: various disorders of the digestive system (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, hepatitis), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, dizziness and headaches, temporary hearing loss and convulsions, skin allergic reactions, candidiasis, dysbacteriosis. Overdose is manifested by similar symptoms, there is no specific antidote, therefore symptomatic therapy is carried out.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, allergy to penicillins, bleeding and gastrointestinal lesions, patients under 3 months of age, pregnancy and lactation.

Zinnat suppresses the development of beneficial intestinal microflora and reduces the synthesis of vitamin K. If the medicine is used with drugs that reduce blood clotting, the risk of bleeding increases. The tablets enhance the effect of anticoagulants.

Pharmacodynamics

The effectiveness of drugs is determined not only by their composition, but also by the pharmacological effects of the active components. The pharmacodynamics of antibiotics prescribed for scarlet fever allows us to learn more about the properties of the substances included in their composition.

• Penicillins

Flemoxin Solutab is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Contains the active substance amoxicillin trihydrate, which is a semi-synthetic penicillin. It has bactericidal properties. It is active against most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

• Macrolides

Sumamed is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. The peculiarity of this medicine is that it creates high concentrations in the inflammation site, providing a bactericidal effect. The active substance is azithromycin, gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacteria, some anaerobic microorganisms are sensitive to it.

• Lincosamides and cephalosporins

Cefazolin – has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is active against streptococci and other gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It does not affect strains of Proteus, Rickettsia, viruses, protozoa and fungi.

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Pharmacokinetics

After taking or administering any medicine, certain chemical and biological processes begin in the body. Pharmacokinetics refers to the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug. Let's consider this using the example of antibiotics used to treat scarlet fever in adults and children:

• Penicillins

Flemoxin Solutab is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration and is completely absorbed. Food intake does not affect the level of absorption of active components. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma is observed 60-120 minutes after oral administration. The active substance is acid-resistant. The antibiotic accumulates in bone tissue, mucous membranes, and sputum. Metabolizes to inactive metabolites, 90% is excreted by the kidneys. In case of liver dysfunction, the excretion process may change.

• Macrolides

Sumamed - its active ingredient azithromycin, is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma is achieved 2.5-3 hours after administration, bioavailability is 37%. The active component penetrates into all fluids, organs and tissues, accumulates in lysosomes. The concentration of the drug in the foci of infection is much higher than in healthy tissues. The half-life is 14-20 hours, which allows you to take the drug once a day.

• Lincosamides and cephalosporins

When administered intramuscularly, cefazolin is quickly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. The maximum concentration in the blood plasma is observed after 1 hour and remains for 8-12 hours. The active components are excreted unchanged by the kidneys. The half-life is about 2 hours.

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Dosing and administration

Depending on the patient's age, the characteristics of his body and the severity of scarlet fever, the doctor selects the appropriate drug and gives recommendations for its use. The method of administration and dosage also depend on the form of release of the drug.

During therapy, it is necessary to observe the time of taking the drug, that is, to take the medicine at equal intervals. You should also pay attention to the dependence of absorption and food intake. Some tablets and suspensions are best taken several hours before or after meals, while others, on the contrary, are taken during meals.

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Antibiotics for scarlet fever in children

Scarlet fever is most often diagnosed in pediatric patients. Therapy begins with a thorough differential diagnosis. This is due to the fact that antibacterial and antimicrobial agents are required to combat the pathogen.

Antibiotics for scarlet fever in children are necessary for:

• Reducing the risk of complications.
• Reduction of painful symptoms of the disorder.
• Reducing the patient's infectiousness to others.

Without the right medicine, the disease can lead to serious complications. The risk of their development is associated with toxins that streptococcus secretes. They cause symptoms of general intoxication of the body and provoke pathological changes in internal organs.

In most cases, treatment is carried out at home, isolating the child from other household members. The following medications may be prescribed to combat scarlet fever:

1. Biseptol-240

A bacteriostatic agent with high bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-positive microorganisms and bacteria. The bactericidal effect is based on the blocking action of the active component, bactrim, on the metabolism of bacteria. Another active ingredient, sulfamethoxazole, destroys the biosynthesis of harmful microorganisms. The drug is effective against streptococci, staphylococci, typhoid fever, proteus, pneumococci, intestinal and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mycobacteria of tuberculosis.

• Indications for use: respiratory tract infections, scarlet fever, cystitis, chronic pyelonephritis, lung abscess, pneumonia, pyelitis, gonococcal urethritis. Gastrointestinal tract infections, various surgical infections, pleural empyema, uncomplicated gonorrhea.
• Method of administration: for patients over 12 years old, 4 tablets per day or 8 measuring spoons of syrup are prescribed. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 6 tablets. For patients under 12 years old, Biseptol is prescribed in the form of syrup. Its daily dosage is 15 ml 2 times a day. In severe infections, the dose can be increased by ½ times.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, various allergic reactions, pathological symptoms from the kidneys, decreased levels of leukocytes in the blood, a sharp decrease in granulocytes in the blood.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components, damage to the hematopoietic system, kidney and liver diseases, pregnancy. The drug is not prescribed to newborns and premature babies. It is used with special caution for the treatment of young patients, therefore, it is necessary to monitor the blood picture during treatment.

2. Metronidazole

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drug, a derivative of 5-nitroimidazole. Active against most gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, including streptococci.

• Indications for use: protozoan infections, diseases caused by streptococci, bacterial endocarditis, sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess and empyema, abdominal infections, bone and joint lesions, central nervous system infections, meningitis, brain abscess, pseudomembranous colitis. Suitable for the prevention of postoperative complications.
• The method of administration depends on the form of the drug. Metronidazole is available as a powder for solution, suspension, tablets and infusion solution. Children are prescribed a suspension or tablets for oral administration. The dosage depends on the child's weight and the severity of the disease, so it is prescribed by a doctor, individually for each patient.
• Side effects: various disorders of the digestive system (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomatitis), dizziness, impaired coordination of movements, increased weakness, drowsiness, convulsions, allergic skin reactions.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the active ingredients of the drug, organic lesions of the central nervous system, leukopenia, liver failure, pregnancy.

3. Trichopolum

Antimicrobial tablets used in the complex treatment of scarlet fever in children. Contains the active substance metronidazole, which is active against protozoa, aerobes and anaerobes. After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed in the digestive tract, reaching maximum concentration in 1.5-3 hours. It is evenly distributed throughout the body, enters bile, saliva and other fluids.

• Indications for use: trichomoniasis, giardiasis, infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug, surgical infections. Tablets are taken 125 mg 3 times a day. The duration of treatment depends on the effectiveness of therapy in the first days of taking the medication.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, headaches, dizziness, decreased blood cell count, various allergic reactions, changes in urine color.
• Contraindications: patients under 6 years of age, individual intolerance to the components of the drug, first trimester of pregnancy and lactation.
• In case of overdose, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and ataxia are possible. Treatment is aimed at removing the drug from the body; hemodialysis is possible.

4. Azitral

An antimicrobial drug from the macrolide group. The active substance is azithromycin (azalide subgroup). Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with pronounced bactericidal properties. Its mechanism of action is based on interaction with the ribosomal 50S subunit of bacteria and inhibition of RNA-dependent protein synthesis. Gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are sensitive to the action of the drug. The drug has several forms of release: tablets with an enteric coating, lyophilized powder for the preparation of a solution for parenteral use.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. Infectious lesions of the lower respiratory tract (tonsillitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis), scarlet fever, folliculitis, infected dermatitis, urethritis, prostatitis, diphtheria, intestinal infectious lesions.
• The method of administration and dosage are determined by the attending physician. For patients under 16 years of age, the dosage and duration of therapy depend on body weight and sensitivity to the drug. In case of overdose, nausea and vomiting, bowel disorders, and hearing loss are possible. There is no specific antidote, so symptomatic therapy is indicated.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, flatulence, increased heart rate, sleep and wakefulness disorders, headaches and dizziness, increased irritability, skin allergic reactions, photosensitivity. If infusions are used, an inflammatory reaction may develop at the injection site.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, kidney and liver disease, bradycardia, arrhythmia, heart failure, electrolyte imbalance, pregnancy and lactation.

5. Erythromycin

An antimicrobial agent similar to penicillin in its spectrum of action. The drug is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a destructive effect on trachoma, rickets, brucellosis, and syphilis. Therapeutic doses provide a bacteriostatic effect. The body quickly develops resistance to the antibiotic, so combination therapy with other drugs is indicated. Erythromycin is available in the form of enteric-coated tablets and ointments.

• Indications for use: pneumonia, pneumopleurisy, bronchiectasis and other lung lesions, septic conditions, erysipelas, peritonitis, otitis, scarlet fever, mastitis. The product penetrates into all tissues and fluids of the body.
• Method of administration: for patients under 14 years of age, 20-40 mg/kg per day is prescribed, divided into 4 doses. For patients over 14 years of age and adults, 250 mg every 4-6 hours. The drug is recommended to be taken 1-1.5 hours before meals. Before using it, it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the microflora that caused the disease.
• Side effects: nausea, mouth, stool disorders. With prolonged use of the drug, liver dysfunction, skin allergic reactions are possible. Duration of use of the drug causes the development of resistance to it by harmful microorganisms.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity, severe liver dysfunction, history of allergic reactions.

6. Ciprofloxacin

An antibacterial drug that is similar in its spectrum of action to fluoroquinolones, but has a higher activity. It is effective when administered internally and parenterally. When taken orally, it is quickly absorbed and distributed throughout the body. It penetrates all tissues and biological fluids. It is excreted in the urine, about 40% unchanged.

• Indications for use: infectious lesions of the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, joints and bones, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract. Effective in scarlet fever, purulent-inflammatory processes, sepsis and in the treatment of infections in cancer patients.
• Method of application: the dosage and course of treatment are determined by the attending physician, based on age, weight and the course of the disease. As a rule, the medication is taken 125 mg twice a day, the duration of therapy is no more than 5-15 days.
• Side effects: Ciprofloxacin is well tolerated, but in rare cases allergic reactions, swelling of the face and vocal cords, headaches and dizziness, sleep disturbances, changes in the blood picture, disturbances of taste and smell, vomiting, diarrhea may occur.

• Contraindications: intolerance to quinolones, epilepsy, pregnancy. With special caution it is prescribed for the treatment of children under 15 years of age, with impaired renal function.

7. Ampiox

Combined antimicrobial agent. Contains two active components: ampicillin and oxacillin. Effective against gram-positive (streptococcus, pneumococcus, staphylococcus) and gram-negative microorganisms. Active against enzymes that destroy penicillins. Penetrates well into the blood and all biological fluids.

• Indications for use: respiratory tract and lung infections, tonsillitis, inflammation of the bile ducts, inflammation of the gallbladder and renal pelvis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, skin infections and infected wounds. Can be used in severe sepsis, endocarditis, postoperative purulent complications.
• The method of administration depends on the form of the drug. Ampiox is available for intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. For children under 1 year old, 100-200 mg / kg is prescribed, for children from 1 to 7 years old - 100 mg / kg per day, for patients from 7 to 14 years old - 50 mg / kg per day, for children over 14 years old, an adult dosage is indicated. The course of treatment is 5-7 days, but not more than 3 weeks.
• Side effects: pain at the injection site and allergic reactions, anaphylactic shock, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Desensitizing agents are used for treatment. The main contraindication is a history of toxic-allergic reactions to penicillin.

8. Tsifran

A medicinal product whose mechanism of action is based on disruption of bacterial reproduction. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms that are resistant to cephalosporins, penicillins and aminoglycosides.

• Indications for use: treatment of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug. Effective in mixed infections caused by two or more pathogens. Prescribed for infectious lesions of the respiratory and urinary tract, for infections of ENT organs, skin and soft tissues, bones, joints. The drug is used for typhoid fever, peritonitis, cholecystitis, systemic infections.
• The method of administration and dosage are determined individually for each patient. It depends on the patient's age, body weight, general condition of the body and the type of pathogen. For the complex treatment of scarlet fever in children, 250-500 mg is prescribed every 12 hours. The drug can be taken regardless of food, but it is better on an empty stomach. The duration of therapy should not exceed 7 days.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, bowel disorders, dizziness and headaches, insomnia, convulsions, allergic reactions. In rare cases, there is an increase in the level of liver transaminases, changes in hematological parameters, gynecomastia, secondary renal failure. The drug is not used in case of intolerance to its components. With special caution, it is prescribed for the treatment of children under 16 years of age.

9. Cephalexin

Semi-synthetic antibacterial agent, 1st generation cephalosporin. Active against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus, Treponema, Salmonella. Does not affect Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococci and Enterobaker. Available in the form of capsules with an enteric coating, tablets for oral administration and powder for suspension.

• Indications for use: bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, pleurisy, cystitis, otitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, phlegmon, pyoderma, furunculosis, arthritis, osteomyelitis and other diseases caused by pathogens sensitive to the drug.
• Method of administration: for children, 25-50 mg/kg is prescribed, but if the disease is caused by gram-negative flora, the dosage is increased to 100 mg per day. For patients under one year, 2.5 ml of suspension and 250 mg of tablets 3-4 times a day, for children aged 1-3 years, 5 ml of suspension and 250 mg of capsules, for patients over 3 years, 7.5 ml of suspension. The daily dosage should be divided into two doses with an interval of 12 hours. The duration of treatment is 2-5 days.
• Side effects: diarrhea, dyspepsia, headaches and dizziness, leukopenia, allergic reactions. Not used in case of intolerance to cephalosporins and penicillins due to the risk of cross-allergy.

The use of antibiotics for the treatment of children must be agreed upon with the attending physician. The success of recovery is influenced by the mechanism of action of the selected drug, its dosage and the duration of therapy.

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Antibiotics for scarlet fever in adults

Scarlet fever is rare in adult patients. The disease is highly contagious and is caused by the streptococcal toxin erythrogenic exotoxin. When the bacteria begin to release their toxins, a pink-red rash appears on the patient's body. The following forms of the disease are distinguished:

1. Pharyngeal – infection through the mucous membrane of the oropharynx.
2. Extrapharyngeal – infection through the wound surface.

Both varieties can have both typical and atypical character. In the first case, a mild or moderate course is observed. In the second, the disease takes a septic, toxic or combined variant. In this case, the atypical form can have a subclinical and rudimentary course.

Signs of scarlet fever in adults appear 1-4 days after infection. Acute inflammatory reactions occur: red throat, fever, elevated body temperature, chills, skin rash. After 6-8 days, the rash disappears and the painful sensations subside. But this is only possible with proper therapy.

Antibiotics for scarlet fever in adults are aimed at combating harmful microorganisms. Let's look at the most effective drugs:

1. Flemoklav Solutab

A broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. The active substance is amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid. The active component destroys the integrity of the bacterial membrane, causing the death of the bacterium.

• Indications for use: infectious diseases of various localization and severity caused by microflora sensitive to the drug. Most often, tablets are prescribed for infectious lesions of the skin and soft tissues, genitourinary organs, and respiratory tract. The drug is effective in sepsis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, and various postoperative infections.
• Method of administration: tablets are taken orally, swallowed or dissolved in a glass of water. To reduce the risk of side effects and achieve maximum therapeutic effect, the drug is recommended to be taken at regular intervals. The course of treatment should not exceed 3-10 days. The recommended dosage for scarlet fever is 500 mg 3 times a day.
• Side effects: pain and discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract, discoloration of tooth enamel, nausea and vomiting, bowel disorders, dryness of the oral mucosa, changes in taste. Headaches and dizziness, increased liver enzymes, and skin allergic reactions may also occur.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, various liver dysfunctions, gastrointestinal diseases with chronic diarrhea and vomiting. The drug is not used for children weighing less than 13 kg. It is prescribed with special caution to patients with bronchial asthma and renal dysfunction.
• Overdose is manifested by more pronounced side effects. There is no specific antidote, therefore symptomatic therapy, taking enterosorbents and gastric lavage are indicated for treatment.

2. Benzathine penicillin-G

A long-acting benzylpenicillin drug. It has a bactericidal effect on streptococci, treponemas and non-penicillinase-producing staphylococci. It is produced as a dry substance in vials, complete with a special solvent.

• Indications for use: acute tonsillitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, prevention of infectious complications after tonsillectomy and tooth extraction, syphilis, exacerbation of rheumatism. For scarlet fever in patients over 12 years old, 0.6 million IU is prescribed every three days. A dosage of 1.2 million IU every 2-4 weeks or 1-2 injections of 1.2 million IU once every 7 days is possible.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, sudden increase in body temperature, joint pain, stomatitis, glossitis. With prolonged use of the drug, superinfection may develop.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics. The drug is prescribed with special caution in case of intolerance to cephalosporins and tendency to allergic reactions.

3. Penicillin-V

An antibiotic from the group of natural penicillins. It has several forms of release: tablets, syrup, solution for oral administration and granulate for solution preparation. The bacteriolytic is active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, cocci, spirochetes, corynebacteria. Does not affect mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, amoebas and rickettsia, acid-resistant.

• Indications for use: various bacterial infections, bronchitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, otitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, purulent lesions of the skin and soft tissues and other diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.
• The dosage depends on the form of the drug and the severity of the disease. For moderate infection, adults and children over 10 years old are prescribed 3 million IU 3 times a day. For severe disease, the dosage can be increased to 6-9 million IU per day. The duration of therapy is determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, joint pain, fever, irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat. The drug is contraindicated in case of penicillin intolerance, stomatitis and pharyngitis.

4. Penicillin

Antibiotic, a product of the vital activity of mold fungi. Has a wide range of bactericidal and bacteriostatic action. Destroys streptococci, pneumococci, gonococci, meningococci, anthrax, some strains of pathogenic staphylococci and Proteus.

• Indications for use: streptococcal sepsis, extensive and deeply localized infectious processes, wounds and burns. Used for erysipelas, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, syphilis, sycosis, furunculosis, inflammatory lesions of the ears and eyes.
• The method of application, as well as the dosage, depend on the form of release of the drug. Penicillin can be used subcutaneously, intravenously, sublingually, orally, for inhalation, rinsing and even washing.
• Side effects: various allergic reactions, pharyngitis, asthmatic bronchitis, stomatitis, nausea and vomiting, bowel disorders. Treatment is symptomatic. In case of overdose, side effects are more pronounced.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin, urticaria, hay fever, bronchial asthma, various allergic diseases.

5. Clindamycin

An antimicrobial agent similar in chemical structure and mechanism of action to lincomycin, but 10 times more effective. It penetrates well into body fluids and tissues. It is active against gram-positive and gram-negative infectious agents. It has several forms of release: capsules and tablets for oral use, ampoules and 15% solution, syrup and flavored granules for syrup preparation.

It is used for infectious lesions of the respiratory tract, skin, bones, joints, soft tissues, and abdominal organs. The dose and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the sensitivity of the infectious agent to the drug, so they are prescribed by a doctor. The drug is contraindicated in case of intolerance to its components. Side effects and symptoms of overdose include nausea, vomiting, and various allergic reactions. Treatment is symptomatic.

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How long should you take antibiotics for scarlet fever?

The duration of treatment for acute infectious diseases, as a rule, does not exceed 10-14 days. How much antibiotics to drink for scarlet fever is determined only by the attending physician, individually for each patient. In most cases, noticeable relief occurs on the 2nd-3rd day of therapy. If this does not happen, the doctor reviews the treatment plan and prescribes new drugs.

Very often, antibacterial treatment is combined with the use of antihistamines. This allows to reduce the risk of allergic reactions and reduces swelling of the oropharynx. After a course of antibiotics, the patient is prescribed probiotics to restore normal microflora.

Use antibiotics for scarlet fever during pregnancy

Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease that occurs in both adults and children. In some cases, the disease is diagnosed in expectant mothers. Antibiotic drugs of different groups are used for its treatment. Their use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is allowed only when the potential benefit to the mother is higher than the possible side risks to the fetus. Drug therapy is carried out according to strict medical indications and control.

Contraindications

Antibiotics, like any other drugs, have certain rules of use. Contraindications for use are based on individual intolerance to active components. Many antibiotics are contraindicated in allergic reactions to penicillin drugs. With special caution, drugs are prescribed to patients with severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, during pregnancy and lactation, for pediatric patients.

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Side effects antibiotics for scarlet fever

Failure to follow doctor's recommendations when using any medications causes adverse reactions. Side effects of antibiotics most often manifest themselves in the following symptoms:

• Gastrointestinal disorders: vomiting, nausea, epigastric pain, increased flatulence, bowel disorders.
• Skin allergic reactions, dermatitis.
• Blood picture abnormalities.
• Headaches and dizziness.
• Sleep and wakefulness disturbances.
• Increased activity of liver enzymes.

To eliminate side effects, it is necessary to stop using the drug or reduce its dosage and seek medical help. In most cases, symptomatic therapy, gastric lavage, and hemodialysis are performed.

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Overdose

Failure to comply with the doctor's prescribed dosage when using antibiotics causes various pathological reactions. Overdose may manifest itself in the following symptoms:

• Nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances.
• Temporary hearing loss.
• Headaches and dizziness.
• Renal failure.
• Cramps.
• Tachycardia.

If there are disturbances of water-electrolyte balance or dehydration, the patient is prescribed enterosorbents and hydration measures are carried out. In most cases, symptomatic treatment and gastric lavage help.

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Interactions with other drugs

Very often, combination therapy is used for scarlet fever. The patient is prescribed several drugs from different groups at the same time to effectively combat the infection. Let's consider the most popular drugs and the possibility of their interaction with other drugs:

• Penicillins

Flemoxin Solutab inhibits tubular excretion of the active substance when used with phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone. This causes an increase in the active component in the blood plasma and an increase in its half-life. When taken with bacteriostatic antibacterial agents, the bactericidal activity of Flemoxin is neutralized.

• Macrolides

Sumamed enhances the action of alkaloids, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol enhance synergism, while lincosamides reduce it. Food, ethanol and antacids slow down the absorption process. When used with indirect anticoagulants, excretion slows down and the concentration of the active component in the blood plasma increases. Sumamed is incompatible with heparin.

• Lincosamides and cephalosporins

Renal clearance of Cefazolin is significantly reduced when taken with probenecid. False-positive results of urine sugar tests may also be observed. The drug is not recommended for use simultaneously with strong diuretics and anticoagulants.

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Storage conditions

Since antibiotics for scarlet fever come in different forms, it is necessary to observe their storage conditions. The drugs should be kept out of reach of children, protected from sunlight and moisture. The recommended storage temperature is 15-25 °C. Failure to comply with these recommendations leads to premature deterioration of the medication and loss of its medicinal properties.

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Shelf life

All medications have a certain shelf life. Antibacterial agents used to eliminate acute infectious disease - scarlet fever, can be used for 24-36 months. The expiration date is indicated on the drug packaging.

Antibiotics for intravenous and intramuscular administration, after their dilution, can be stored for no more than 6-12 hours, and only in the refrigerator. At the end of the expiration date, the drugs must be disposed of. Using expired drugs is contraindicated and dangerous.

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Scarlet fever treatment without antibiotics

Many patients wonder whether it is possible to treat scarlet fever without antibiotics. Yes, this disease can be treated without antibacterial drugs. Pathological symptoms will go away on their own within 7-10 days, without any treatment. During this period of time, the immune system copes with beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection on its own.

The need to use antibiotics is explained by the risk of complications that can lead to both disability and death. Infection can cause the following consequences: otitis, meningitis, phlegmon of the neck, arthritis, rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, various neurological disorders, heart disease, renal failure of varying severity. Medicines make the course of the disease easier, reduce pathological symptoms. According to medical statistics, patients who refuse drug therapy, in 60% of cases have various complications. When taking antibiotics, the risk of complications is 2-3%.

In addition to antibacterial treatment for scarlet fever, it is necessary to use solutions for gargling and treating the throat: Lugol, Furacilin, brilliant green or soda solution. To combat rashes, you can use Streptocide, Furacilin, Dioxidin, chamomile, calendula or sage infusion. During the acute period of the disease, it is very important to support the immune system. To do this, it is recommended to eat food rich in vitamin C and B, proteins and other useful substances. Food should be warm in a liquid or semi-liquid state.

An alternative to traditional treatment are folk methods. To alleviate painful symptoms and speed up recovery, the following recipes are used:

• Take a tablespoon of saxifrage and pour 500 ml of warm water. The infusion should be boiled over low heat for 15-20 minutes. After boiling, wrap the medicine and let it stand for 4-5 hours. Then strain and take ½ cup 3-4 times a day.
• Pour 250 ml of boiling water over a teaspoon of dried parsley roots and let it brew until it cools. Take 25 ml of the remedy 3 times a day.
• Pour 300 ml of boiled water over a tablespoon of dry crushed rhizomes of medicinal valerian. The infusion should stand for 12 hours in a closed container. After straining, the remedy should be taken 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day before meals.
• Natural juices have healing properties. To relieve painful symptoms, you can prepare lingonberry, cranberry or lemon juice. It is better to drink the drink warm.

Human gamma globulin is used to prevent the disease. As a rule, it is used after contact with a sick person. After scarlet fever, a stable immunity develops, which is resistant to toxins and lasts throughout life. Therefore, re-infection occurs very rarely, although it is possible with a weakened immune system.

Antibiotics for scarlet fever can only be used as prescribed by a doctor. Self-medication is also dangerous, as is the absence of therapy. In order to make sure that the disease has not caused pathological processes in the body, 2-3 weeks after recovery, you should undergo laboratory tests, that is, take urine and blood tests. This will determine the presence of inflammation. Timely diagnosis of the disease and its correct treatment speed up the recovery process and minimize the risk of complications.