Spikes in the lungs: what to do, how to treat?

To remove adhesions, the following methods can be used:

• Drug therapy.
• The course of physiotherapy and other rehabilitation activities.
• Balneotherapy.
• Dietotherapy and taking vitamins.
• Surgery.
• Alternative methods.

Oxygen therapy is used to relieve shortness of breath and other signs of respiratory failure. At multiple shvarts procedures of plasmapheresis and hemosorption are shown. Surgical cervical treatment is used only in the most extreme cases when a patient's life threatens. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures.

Medications

The drug treatment of the adhesion process in the lungs depends on the etiology of the disease state, the symptom complex and the presence of complications. In most cases, the use of drugs is symptomatic. Patients are prescribed funds whose action is directed to the respiratory system and maintenance of oxygen saturation of blood.

• If the moorings are accompanied by inflammatory exacerbations (pneumonia, bronchitis, tonsillitis, pleurisy), the patient is prescribed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic and bronchodilator drugs.
• With a severe course of the disease and its rapid progression, it is necessary to take glucocorticosteroids. Hormonal drugs stop inflammation and suppress connective tissue growths.
• Compulsory therapy is combined with immunosuppressive drugs, anabolic and vitamin preparations.

Consider the main groups of drugs for the treatment of adhesions in the lungs:

Glucocorticoids

1. Prednisolone

Glucocorticosteroid, is used for acute allergic reactions and bronchial asthma. The drug is effective in shock conditions, thyroid diseases, myocardial infarction, renal and hepatic insufficiency and adrenal insufficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus. It is prescribed for collagenosis (diffuse lesion of connective tissue and vessels).

• Method of administration: intravenously or intramuscularly. Dosage is individual for each patient.
• Side effects: violations of electrolyte metabolism, hyperglycemia, increased blood pressure, suppression of the adrenal cortex, ulceration of the digestive tract.
• Overdose: acute toxic effects. There is no specific antidote, symptomatic therapy is indicated.
• Contraindications: active form of tuberculosis, peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum, mental illnesses, hypertension, decompensated diabetes mellitus, thrombophlebitis, heart failure, pregnancy and lactation.

Product: ampoules of 5 ml of 10 pieces per pack, tablets, suspension for injection.

2. Diprospan

Glucocorticoid with anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-shock, immunosuppressive and desensitizing properties. It also has a mild mineralocorticoid action.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma, collagenoses, extra-articular rheumatism, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, lumbago, allergic rhinitis and gouty arthritis. Keloid scars, cerebral edema, psoriasis, anaphylactic and allergic reactions, shock conditions, dermatitis, malignant neoplasms.
• The method of administration and dosage depend on the severity of the disease state. For intramuscular injections, a dosage of 1-2 ml is most often used. The duration of treatment is individual for each patient.
• Side effects: sleep disorders, irritability, digestive disorders, weight gain. Also, various edemas are possible.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis, viral and bacterial infections, ulcerous lesions of the stomach and duodenum, impaired renal and hepatic function. The drug is not used during pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: sleep and wakefulness disorder, adrenal insufficiency, nausea and vomiting, euphoria. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.

Diprospan is available as a solution for injection in ampoules of 1 ml.

3. Dexamethasone

Glucocorticosteroid hormone with a pronounced anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effect.

• Indications for use: a sharp decrease in blood pressure, severe infectious lesions, vascular collapse, meningococcal infection, septicemia, diphtheria, eclampsia. Severe allergic reactions, asthmatic attacks, pyrogenic reactions.
• Method of application: in the acute course of a painful condition, high dosages are prescribed, which are gradually reduced. At the beginning of therapy, 10-15 mg per day is used, maintaining a dosage of 2-5 mg per day.
• Adverse reactions: transient adrenal insufficiency, adrenal atrophy, menstrual cycle disorder, mental disorders, peptic ulcers, nausea and vomiting, Increased intraocular pressure, arterial hypertension, muscular atrophy, allergic reactions. Overdose has similar symptoms, treatment is symptomatic.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance of the drug components, deficiency of lactase. Peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum, gastritis, peptic ulcer, myocardial infarction in anamnesis, endocrine disorders. It is not used during pregnancy and lactation.

Product: tablets of 0.5 mg of active ingredient and ampoules of 4 mg of dexamethasone.

Antifibrotic preparations

1. Colchicine

A drug of an alkaloid nature, which reduces the migration of leukocytes to the inflammatory focus of the lesion. Inhibits the absorption of phagocytes microcrystalline parts of uric acid. It stops the development of amyloidosis, reduces the intensity of formation of fibrils of the amyloid structure and does not allow the protein to accumulate.

• Indications for use: phlebitis, scleroderma, amyloidosis, arthritis, inflammatory lesions in ENT practice and dentistry, chondrocalcinosis, gout.
• Dosing: Orally 1 tablet 2-3 times a day. In especially severe cases, the dosage is selected individually for each patient. Duration of treatment 4-12 weeks.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, neuropathy, impaired renal function, leukopenia, urticaria, myopathy, epigastric pain, thrombocytopenia.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, acute hepatic and renal failure, serious gastrointestinal disturbances, neutropenia, purulent infections, pregnancy and lactation, alcoholism.
• Overdose: severe diarrhea and vomiting, nausea, pain in the oral cavity, hypotension, convulsions, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, hematuria. Burning of the skin, oliguria, renal failure, respiratory depression, ascending paralysis. There is no specific antidote, symptomatic treatment with mandatory cancellation of the drug.

Form release: tablets for oral administration of 10 and 100 pieces per package.

2. Veroshpiron

Competitive antagonist of mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Reduces the rate of formation of connective tissue. Has a pronounced diuretic effect. Does not affect the renal circulation and the function of the renal tubules.

• Indications for use: edema of tissues due to cardiovascular insufficiency, ascites, paroxysmalmioplegia.
• Method of administration: Orally, 50-300 mg per day. After the improvement of the morbid state, the dosage is reduced by half. The course of treatment is from 20 days to 4-5 months.
• Side effects: headaches and dizziness, increased drowsiness, skin diseases, low sodium / potassium content in the blood.
• Contraindications: acute renal failure, intolerance of the drug components, pregnancy and lactation.

The drug is available in the form of tablets for oral administration of 25 mg of 100 pieces per package.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]

Antitussive and expectorants

1. aminophylline

Contains the active substance - theophylline. Increases spasmolytic activity. Relaxes the muscles of the bronchi, reduces the resistance of blood vessels and lowers the pressure in the pulmonary artery system. Has diuretic properties, increases renal blood flow. It inhibits the adhesion of platelets.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma, bronchospasm, increased pressure in the vessels of the lungs, cardiac asthma, respiratory disorders. Improvement of cerebral circulation, decrease in intracranial pressure.
• Method of administration: the medicine is taken orally, injected into muscles and veins, used as a microclyster. Dosage for adults is 150 mg 1-3 times daily after meals. The course of treatment depends on the severity of the disease state.
• Side effects: indigestion, lowering blood pressure, headaches and dizziness, palpitations, convulsions.
• Contraindications: a sharp decrease in blood pressure, paroxysmal tachycardia, epilepsy, coronary insufficiency, heart rhythm disturbances.

The form of release: tablets on 150 mg, ampoules on 10 ml of 2,4% of a solution and on 1 ml of 24% of a solution.

2. Salbutamol

A drug that stimulates bronchial beta-adrenoreceptors. Has a bronchodilator effect.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma, bronchial inflammation. Dosage and duration of the drug depend on the form of release of the drug and are selected by the doctor for each patient.
• Side effects: the widening of peripheral vessels, palpitations, muscle tremor.
• Contraindications: arterial hypertension, paroxysmal tachycardia, pregnancy and lactation, thyroid gland diseases.

The drug has a tablet form of release for 2, 4 and 8 mg, syrup, powder for inhalation, injection.

3. Bromgexin

Sputum-thawing agent. Stimulates the formation of surfactant, which regulates the secretion of bronchopulmonary secretions and normalizes secretion. Reduces the viscosity of sputum and promotes its excretion from the bronchi. Malotoxic, does not affect blood circulation.

• Indications for use: diseases of the trachea, bronchi, lungs acute and chronic form. Bronchoectatic disease, pneumoconiosis, bronchography.
• Method of administration: 4-8 mg orally 3-4 times a day. In particularly severe cases, dosage can be increased to 16 mg per day. The duration of therapy is determined by the attending physician.
• Side effects: nausea, vomiting, indigestion, peptic ulcer, acute allergic reactions, increased levels of transaminases in the blood serum.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, gastric bleeding, peptic ulcer of the stomach, early pregnancy.

Form release: tablets of 80 and 40 mg, syrup and solutions for oral administration, inhalation and injection.

4. ACC

The drug with the active ingredient is acetylcysteine. Has mucolytic and expectorant effect. Reduces the viscosity of bronchial secretions, increases mucociliary clearance and improves sputum discharge. It has antioxidant and pneumoprotective action.

• Indications for use: diseases with accumulation of thick viscous sputum in the bronchial tree and upper respiratory tract. It is prescribed for bronchitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, bronchial asthma, exudative otitis.
• Method of application: for children over 14 years and adults for 400-600 mg per day. Duration of treatment is 5-7 days. The drug is taken after meals, dissolving the effervescent tablet or the contents of the sachet in a glass of water.
• Side effects: abdominal pain, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, headaches and noise in the ears, palpitations, arterial hypotension. Also, allergic reactions in the form of bronchospasm are possible.
• Contraindications: intolerance of drug components, peptic ulcer, pulmonary hemorrhage or hemoptysis. It is not used in pediatric practice for hepatitis and renal insufficiency. With special care is prescribed during pregnancy and lactation.
• Overdose: dyspeptic disorders. Symptomatic therapy is indicated for treatment.

Form release: effervescent tablets, powder for the preparation of solution and hot drink for oral administration.

[9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]

Antibiotics

1. Streptomycin

It has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is active against mycobacteria tuberculosis, most gram-negative and gram-negative microorganisms. Less active against pneumococci and streptococci, does not affect anaerobes, viruses and rickettsia.

• Indications for use: treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and other organs, purulent-inflammatory processes of various localization, pneumonia, brucellosis, endocarditis.
• Method of administration: intramuscular, intratracheal, intracavernous. Single dose at intramuscular injection of 500 mg-1 g, the highest daily dose of 2 g. Duration of treatment from 7 days to 3 months.
• Side effects: allergic reactions, headaches and dizziness, palpitations, albuminuria, hematuria, diarrhea. In rare cases, there are disorders of the vestibular apparatus and hearing impairment. Overdose has similar symptoms, treatment is symptomatic.

Product: bottles of 250 and 500 mg, 1 g.

2. Metrics

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal medicine. The mechanism of its action is based on biochemical reduction of the 5-nitro group of metronidazole with the help of intracellular transport proteins of anaerobic microorganisms and protozoa. It is active against a wide range of pathogens.

• Indications for use: protozoal infections and diseases caused by Bacteroides spp. Infections caused by species of Clostridium spp., Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus. Pseudomembranous colitis, gastritis, ulcer of the duodenum. Prevention of postoperative complications, radiation therapy of patients with neoplastic resistance due to hypoxia in tumor cells.
• The way of application and dosage depends on the form of release of the medicament, that is why they are individual for each patient.
• Side effects: disorders of the digestive system, headaches and dizziness, impaired coordination of movements, weakness, increased irritability. Allergic reactions, cystitis, urinary incontinence, candidiasis, neutropenia, leukopenia. Pain, swelling, or hyperthermia at the injection site.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, leukopenia in history, liver failure, the first trimeter of pregnancy and lactation.

Metronidazole is available in the form of a gel and cream for external use, vaginal suppositories and tablets, a powder for the preparation of a solution for intravenous administration, a ready-made solution for infusions, an oral suspension and in the form of enteric-coated tablets.

3. Phenoterol

Adrenomimetic drug, a stimulant of beta-adrenoceptors of bronchi and uterine tissues. Activates the adenylate cyclase receptors, which stimulate the work of the calcium pump, redistributing calcium ions in muscle cells. It enlarges the lumen of the bronchial tubes, stops bronchospasm and attacks of suffocation of various origins.

• Indications for use: bronchial asthma, infectious lung diseases with labored expiration, emphysema.
• Method of application: 1-2 doses of aerosol inhalation. If the inhalation does not relieve the attack of suffocation, then the aerosol is used repeatedly. Treatment is conducted no more than 4 times a day with an interval of at least 2 hours.
• Side effects: tremor of the extremities, palpitations, increased fatigue and sweating, headaches. For treatment it is necessary to reduce the dosage.
• Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, arrhythmia and atherosclerosis of the heart.

Fenoterol is produced in aerosol cans of 15 ml - 300 doses of 0.2 mg and in the form of ampoules for injections of 0.5 mg.

[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]

Cardiac glycosides

(to prevent heart failure)

1. Strophantin

Cardiac glycoside, increases the speed and strength of myocardial contractions, reduces the negative chronotropic effect. Increases the shock and minute volume of the heart muscle, improves ventricular emptying.

• Indications for use: cardiac arrhythmias, chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia.
• Method of application: intravenously in the form of 0.025% solution of 1 ml. The drug is diluted in 10-20 ml of glucose solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution. The administration of the drug is slow, since a fast one can cause a shock state. If intravenous administration is not possible, then the drug is administered intramuscularly. The therapeutic effect develops 3-10 minutes after the injection. The maximum therapeutic effect is achieved in 30 minutes-2 hours after saturation. The duration of the drug is 1-3 days.
• Side effects: violation of the heart rhythm, extrasystole, dissociation of the rhythm, attacks of nausea and vomiting. For treatment, a reduction in dosage and an increase in the interval between injections is indicated. With a sharp slowing of the pulse, the administration is stopped.
• Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug, inflammatory defeats of the heart muscle, diseases of the internal cavities of the heart, cardiosclerosis. With special care is prescribed for diseases of the thyroid gland and atrial extrasystole.

The drug is available in the form of a solution of 0.025% for injections in 1 ml ampoules.

2. Adoniside

Medicinal product with cardiotonic action. Strengthens the systole and increases diastole, reduces the number of heartbeats.

• Indications for use: vegetative-vascular neuroses, circulatory insufficiency and cardiac activity.
• How to use: by mouth 30 minutes before eating. As a rule, the dosage is 20-40 drops 2-3 times a day. The highest single dose for adults is 40 drops, and the daily 120 drops.
• Side effects: digestive disorders. To eliminate this reaction, the drug must be taken after a meal.
• Contraindications: peptic ulcer of stomach and duodenum, gastritis and enterocolitis in the stage of exacerbation.

The drug is available in 15 ml vials.

3. Korglikard

A drug from the group of cardiac glycosides. Contains the active substance - korglikon. Reduces the level of potassium ions in cardiomyocytes and increases the level of sodium, improving the contractility of the heart muscle. Increases the shock volume of blood, reducing the need for oxygen.

• Indications: acute and chronic heart failure. It is prescribed when it is impossible to use digitalis preparations.
• Method of use: the drug is used for intravenous administration. The solution is administered bolus slowly, mixing with 20 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride. The daily dosage for adults is 0.5-1 ml of solution per 1 injection. The highest daily dose of 2 ml of solution. During treatment it is necessary to control electrolyte balance and ECG.
• Side effects: heart rhythm disturbances, stool disorders, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, dryness of the oral mucosa. Pain in the extremities, apathy, confusion, decreased visual acuity. Overdose has a similar symptomatology. There is no specific antidote.
• Contraindications: intolerance of the components of the drug or other cardiac glycosides. It is not used for acute myocardial infarction, bradycardia, unstable angina, diastolic dysfunction. Contraindicated in the violation of water-electrolyte metabolism, during pregnancy and lactation.

Form release: a solution for parenteral administration in ampoules of 1 ml.

4. Cytochrome-C

Enzyme means with the active substance, which is produced by extraction of tissues of cattle and pigs. Participates in tissue respiration of the body, accelerates oxidative processes.

• Indications for use: improvement of tissue respiration, asthmatic conditions, pneumonia, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, intoxication lesions.
• The method of application and dosage depends on the form of release of the medication and are selected individually for each patient.
• Side effects: fever, elevated body temperature. The drug is contraindicated for individual intolerance of its active components.

Cytochrome-C is released in ampoules of 0.25% solution of 4 ml and in the form of tablets with an enteric coating.

In order for the drug therapy to be most effective, it is performed in conjunction with therapeutic bronchoscopy. This allows you to deliver the medicine directly to the affected lung and bronchial tissues, to stop the inflammatory processes and to remove the stagnant contents of the organ.

[28], [29]

Vitamins

Various micro and macro elements favorably affect the immune system, increase its protective properties and accelerate the healing process. Vitamins are prescribed both in the early stages of adhesions and in the development of severe complications. Most often, patients are prescribed vitamins B, E, A, folic acid and preparations of aloe. Such a complex of useful substances increases the elasticity of the existing connective tissue fusion and prevents the development of new ones.

Consider the action of the main vitamins on the respiratory system:

• A - accelerates the processes of regeneration of the epithelium of the damaged respiratory tract and the pleura of the lungs.
• C - activates redox processes in the body, improves overall health.
• Group B - thiamine and riboflavin are part of respiratory coenzymes, so the body especially needs these substances in inflammatory diseases. Nicotinic acid stimulates metabolic processes at the cellular level. Folic acid is effective in severe forms of pneumonia.

To strengthen and restore the body requires not only the intake of vitamin preparations, but also a balanced diet.

• Sour milk products are rich in organic calcium, which supports healthy functioning of the body.
• Special attention should be paid to products-antioxidants. For example, carrots nourish and strengthen lung tissue, broccoli enriches plant proteins, which are involved in the structure of new cells of the pleura. Beets improve the drainage function of the bronchi and activate gas exchange.
• Green leafy vegetables contain magnesium, which stabilizes the work of the lungs and does not allow their irritation. The composition of garlic and onions includes phytoncides, which destroy pathogens.
• For expectoration of sputum in the diet should add hawthorn and sea kale, as well as other products with organic acids and iodine.
• Honey saturates the body with useful trace elements, tones up the bronchioles, speeds up the spitting of the sputum, prevents diseases of the respiratory system.
• Olive oil and other products with polyunsaturated fats, support the normal operation of the lungs and the entire body.

Balanced nutrition in conjunction with regular intake of vitamins is an effective prevention of adhesions and any other disorders of the body.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

In addition to medical or surgical therapy, physiotherapy is used to combat spasms in the lungs. Physiotherapeutic procedures have the following properties:

• Pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effect.
• Improve blood circulation.
• Saturation of blood with oxygen.
• Activation of recovery processes in the lung tissue.
• Absorption of inflammatory infiltrate.
• Restoration of drainage function of the bronchi.
• Stretching of pleural adhesions.

Moorings are accepted to be treated by such methods of physiotherapy:

• Paraffin and ozocerite applications.
• Electrophoresis with resorbants and anesthetics.
• Low-frequency magnetotherapy.
• Fermentotherapy.
• Massage (vibrating, manual).
• Spa treatment.

Physiotherapeutic procedures are contraindicated in oncological processes, the presence of effusion in the pleural cavity, purulent processes in the lungs, bronchial asthma, pneumothorax, emphysema. And also with severe cardiovascular, renal and hepatic diseases.

Exercises for adhesions in the lungs

To alleviate the painful symptomatology with lungs in the lungs, patients are prescribed special exercises. Physical loads in combination with respiratory gymnastics have such properties:

• Decreased body temperature.
• Increase the elasticity of connective tissue fusion.
• Reduction of exudate.
• Improvement of overall well-being.

The main goal of therapeutic gymnastics is to improve blood and lymph circulation. It promotes resorption and stretching of the muzzle, eliminates the inflammatory process. Normal mobility of the lungs and respiration are restored, the general tone of the organism rises.

Effective exercises for adhesions in the lungs:

• Torso torso in different directions and circular rotation.
• Extensory movements of the body with a show of hands.
• Flapping the arms.
• Pulling up and hanging on the bar.
• Raising hands to the level of the lungs with inclines back.

The therapeutic and physical complex is performed with breathing exercises, which increase the mobility of the diaphragm, lungs and chest. Gymnastics contributes to the divergence of the fused pleural sheets and prevents adhesions.

Breathing exercises:

• Lying on your back, take a deep breath and pull the right knee to your chest with your hands. Slowly exhale, returning the leg to its original position. Repeat with the second leg.
• In standing position, put your hands on your shoulders. Take a deep breath and put your hands up, and on exhalation, put them on your shoulders.
• In the sitting position on inhalation, raise your hands and spread them apart, as much as possible bending your back back.
• Sitting on a chair, stretch out your arms in front of you. On inhaling, unfold the body towards the healthy side, on exhalation return to the starting position.

LFK with adhesions in the lungs is not carried out with strong pain. The duration and frequency of this therapy are individual for each patient.

[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]

Alternative treatment

Treatment of pulmonary adhesions by unconventional methods has a questionable effectiveness. Alternative treatment involves the use of vegetable decoctions and infusions for oral administration and thawing of the chest. Also can use special ointments and lotions.

Popular alternative recipes:

• Combine two tablespoons of rose hips and dried grass nettle, add one spoon of cranberries. Thoroughly mix all ingredients and pour 500 ml of boiling water. Let it brew for 2-3 hours, strain. Take ½ cup in the morning and before going to bed.
• A couple of tablespoons of flax seeds put in a tissue shawl and dip into boiling water. As soon as the water cools down, take out the bag and put it on your chest for the night.
• Spread a tablespoon of St. John's wort with a glass of boiling water and cook over low heat for 10-15 minutes. Strain and take ¼ cup 2-3 times a day.
• Take in equal proportions the grass of a thousand-centimeter, sweet clover, mother-and-stepmother. Stir thoroughly and pour a glass of boiling water. The drink should be infused in the thermos for 1-2 hours. It is recommended to take the medicine within 20-30 days for ¼ cup 3-5 times a day.

Before using the above recipes, you should consult your doctor. It should also be borne in mind that alternative methods can not act as monotherapy for a commissural disease.

[36], [37], [38], [39]

Herbal Treatment

One of the effective methods of treatment of connective tissue fusion in the lungs is the use of medicinal plants. Herbs have a mild, but persistent healing effect, have a minimum of contraindications and adverse reactions.

Therapeutic recipes:

• Take in equal proportions hips, raspberry and currant berries. Pour vegetable raw materials 500 ml of boiling water and let it brew until completely cooled. Strain and take ½ cup 3-4 times a day.
• One head of onions chop and cook until transparent in sugar or honey syrup. Gently strain and take on a tablespoon throughout the day.
• A pair of aloe leaflets should be washed and chopped together with the skin until a uniform consistency is obtained. Add 2-3 tablespoons of honey to the aloe and 250 ml of red color. Thoroughly mix everything and take 2-3 times a day on a tablespoon before eating.

Treatment with herbs should be part of a comprehensive therapy of adhesions. With numerous shvartov, herbal medicine is contraindicated.

Homeopathy

To date, there are several effective treatments for adhesions, but some patients with this diagnosis, resort to the use of homeopathic drugs. Homeopathy with connective tissue fusion in the lungs suggests the use of such types of drugs:

• Bryonia - pain in the pleural cavity and shortness of breath. The drug is used orally, as well as in the form of an ointment for applications to the sternum.
• Apis is a complicated adhesion process with accumulation of exudate.
• Cantaria - severe respiratory failure, general weakness, shortness of breath, excessive sweating.
• Ranunculus - sharp pains during breathing and with active movements, general weakness.
• Silicea - strands as a result of pleurisy or pneumosclerosis, oxygen starvation.

All of the above drugs should be taken only for medical purposes. The homeopath prescribes the recommended dosage and introduces other features of the use of the medication.

Surgery

If the adhesion occurs in the acute stage or caused life-threatening complications, then an operation intervention may be prescribed. The variant of the operation depends on the volume of connective tissue growths.

Branch of the mop from the pleura is decortication. The main indications for it are:

• Hemotorax (spontaneous, traumatic).
• Formation of pleural pockets.
• Acute respiratory failure.
• Exudate and purulent processes.

When removing the wide adhesions that arise after diffuse inflammatory processes, use the method of thoracotomy. In very serious cases, atypical access is used. Parietal moorings narrow the intercostal space, therefore, surgical intervention is carried out by combined methods. The most difficult is the removal of adhesions near the pleurobronchial fistula.

Much worse is the case with the treatment of old pleural joints:

• Moorings support the lung in a state of collapse due to which irreversible changes develop-the deformation of large vessels and bronchi.
• With multiple spikes or their deep germination into the lung tissue, it is possible for the air to leave the area of the lesion for a long time. Because of this, the body does not straighten out, and the operated pleural cavity is exposed to infection and the formation of new scars.

With extensive lesions instead of decortication, a pleuropneumoniactomy is done. The effectiveness of the surgical method makes itself felt at the time of the operation. Released from the scar, the lung is straightened and fills the free space in the chest cavity. Decortication has a high risk of life-threatening blood loss, therefore it is necessary to take care of continuous hemostasis and blood substitution.

In especially severe cases, lung transplantation is performed. The operation is aimed at increasing the patient's life expectancy and improving its quality. The transplantation is performed with acute respiratory failure, a decrease in the diffuse capacity of the lungs and their vital volume. During the transplantation, both one organ and both organs can be replaced. After such treatment, the patient is waiting for lifelong reception of immunosuppressive drugs to exclude the risk of rejection of the implant.