Invasive ductal breast cancer

No one is immune from this terrible disease. As statistics show, every eighth woman faces such a problem, and how many of those do not even suspect its existence, because the early stages of its development are asymptomatic. Invasive ductal breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm in the tissues of the ducts and membrane lobes, capturing the chest.

ICD-10 code

According to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10 code), the disease known in medicine as invasive ductal breast cancer has its own code. The accepted international designation is:

• C50 Malignant disease of mammary gland.
• D05.1 Intraductal carcinoma in situ.

Causes of Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer

Many people perceive female breasts as a natural decoration, not always thinking that their main purpose is to produce milk for feeding a newborn. Problems with this paired secretory organ are especially psychologically painful for the fair sex. After all, the breast is one of the secondary sexual organs of a woman. The causes of invasive ductal breast cancer are diverse, but have not yet been fully identified. But some can still be announced.

• High rate of apoptosis - natural death of glandular tissue cells. As established, the greater the number of new cells that appear, the higher the probability of their mutation.
• The presence of chronic gynecological pathologies in the woman's medical history.
• The hormonal background, so strongly "tied" to the period of the beginning of menarche (early puberty) and ending with menopause (late onset of menopause), has a special influence on glandular cells. The level of estrogens in the mammary glands is much higher than in the blood. It is this combination that explains the fact of the low probability of developing this category of pathology in men.
• The genetic hereditary factor also plays a role.
• Early puberty.
• Hormonal disorders associated with the endocrine system: hypothyroidism (insufficient production of secretion by the thyroid gland), diabetes mellitus, overweight.
• Genetic predisposition. The presence of a similar diagnosis in a close relative.
• Long-term replacement therapy with the use of hormonal drugs.
• Long-term use of hormonal contraceptives.
• The more abortions a woman has had, the higher the risk of developing the disease.
• Irregular sexual life or its complete absence.
• Chest trauma.
• Late motherhood or infertility.
• Bad habits.
• Exposure to radiation and other hazardous types of radiation.
• Long-term contact with toxic substances.
• The risk group is women aged 30 to 70 years.

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Pathogenesis

To combat the problem, it is necessary to know the source of its origin and the mechanism of development. The pathogenesis of the disease in question consists in the origin of pathology in the milk ducts, after which the metastasis penetrates the walls and begins to grow in the fatty layer of the breast tissue.

Mutated structures are able to penetrate into the lymphatic structures and the circulatory system. This form of malignant neoplasms is able to metastasize further throughout the body.

Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is one of the most common types of invasive breast cancer. It is diagnosed in eight out of ten women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer.

Symptoms of Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer

The insidiousness of this disease is that it is asymptomatic up to a certain point. And it is not always possible to detect it at an early stage, accidentally, during a routine medical examination or diagnosis of another pathology. Symptoms of invasive ductal breast cancer can be presented in full, and only some of their combinations are possible. But their appearance should make a person wary and seek advice from a doctor.

• The appearance of asymmetry in the location of the two mammary glands.
• A lump that does not disappear even after menstruation.
• The appearance of any discharge from the nipple, whether it is clear or bloody fluid.
• Changes in the natural appearance of the skin: wrinkling - "goose bumps", pigmentation, peeling, inflammation.
• Hyperemia of the epidermis.
• Swelling may occur.
• The appearance of marble-like areas of the dermis.
• Modification of the outline and size parameters of the chest.
• Inverted nipple.

To detect these changes, you need to make it a rule to examine your breasts at least once a month. You can do this examination yourself, having mastered a fairly simple technique.

First signs

If we talk about self-control, then the first signs of invasive ductal breast cancer, which should alert a woman and make her make an appointment with a doctor - a mammologist - are small lumps that appear in the breast upon palpation, which do not disappear throughout the menstrual cycle.

She should also be alerted by any deviation from the natural state of the skin or the shape of the breast.

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1st degree

As a rule, doctors divide malignant pathologies into different stages of progression. The higher the stage, the more severe the clinical picture appears to the oncologist.

The mildest stage of the disease is stage 1. Finding invasive ductal breast cancer at this stage is a stroke of luck. After all, the disease usually does not manifest itself in any way, and it can only be diagnosed by chance.

But if the pathology is recognized right now, there is a high probability of effectively combating the disease, while the breast will be preserved.

Characteristics of this stage of the disease:

• The tumor diameter does not exceed 2 cm.
• It is localized within the duct and has not yet spread beyond it.
• No metastases are observed.

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2nd degree

A more severe stage of pathology is stage 2. It is classified as a transitional form of cancer: from early to late.

It is characterized by the following parameters:

• The tumor diameter ranges from 2 cm to 5 cm.
• The cancer affects the nearest lymph node (or even several nodes) located in the armpit on the side of the affected gland.
• The lymph nodes are not fused with each other or with the surrounding tissues. It is the presence of the adhesive process that transfers the pathology to the third, more severe stage.
• Metastases are observed.

Oncologists divide this degree of invasive ductal breast cancer into sub-degrees:

• "2A" - the size of the neoplasm is less than 2 cm, but mutated cells are already found in the axillary lymph nodes. As statistics show, the survival rate of patients when diagnosed at this stage is about 90%.
• "2B" - the size of the neoplasm is from 2 to 5 cm, the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. At the same time, the statistics of five-year survival of such patients approaches the figure of 80%.

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3rd degree

It is the presence of a developing adhesive process connecting the lymph nodes and adjacent tissues that transfers the patient's diagnosis from stage 2 to stage 3 pathology. In this case, the size of the cancerous formation no longer plays a significant role.

At this stage of the disease development, progression of the scirrhous type of cancerous formation is possible. This indicates that the tumor has a significant density. At the same time, a discrepancy is typical between the size characteristics obtained by palpation and the size of invasive ductal breast cancer obtained by X-ray and ultrasound examination.

Consequences

In order to understand what danger a particular pathology poses to a patient, it is necessary to assess the consequences that can develop if adequate measures to stop it are not taken or they are insufficient.

If the pathology is not detected in time (early stage of development), the disease moves to a more severe form of manifestation. Mutated cells gradually penetrate into healthy tissues of the body, systematically capturing new areas. At the same time, the speed of such invasion is different. In one case, it is several weeks, in another, this process stretches out for several months.

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Complications

Due to its aggressiveness, invasive ductal breast cancer is also dangerous due to the changes that this disease can provoke in the patient's body. Complications of the pathology in question are different, but let's remember the most dangerous ones.

Even after surgery, no doctor can give a full guarantee that the disease will not return in five to ten years. There is also a high probability of invasive cancer returning after surgery to remove noninvasive ductal carcinoma.

Quite often, a mammogram obtained against the background of the diagnosed pathology in question shows the presence of microcalcifications (calcium deposits) in the woman's breast, which indicates the passage of an inflammatory process in the area in question and the accumulation of necrotic cells (dead). They are gradually saturated with calcium salts, forming microcalcifications.

Relapse of the disease is from 25 to 50% of diagnosed and operated cases. Even after a quarter of a century, a woman is not immune from the return of the disease.

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Diagnosis of invasive ductal breast cancer

The first suspicions of the presence of pathological changes in the breast may come to a woman during the next examination of her mammary glands. If even the slightest suspicions have crept in, it is worth dispelling them by making an appointment with a doctor - a mammologist.

Only a specialist should assess their condition and prescribe the necessary package of examinations. Diagnosis of invasive ductal breast cancer is a complex of laboratory, instrumental and differential studies.

• Physical examination: analysis of the patient's complaints, inspection and palpation of the mammary gland.
• Mammography is mandatory. This is a fairly informative study, which is an X-ray of the mammary gland without the use of contrast agents. Visualization is done in two projections. This examination is carried out with an eye on the individual menstrual cycle of the patient. Optimally, this is the first phase of menstruation. However, a number of factors can significantly (from 6 to 40%) reduce the reliability of the results. This may be an implant present in the breast, too small a size of the neoplasm, as well as the presence of fibrous growths.
• Ductography is a contrast radiographic mammological examination of the ducts of the mammary gland. It allows the recognition of a neoplasm of 5–10 mm.
• Ultrasound examination allows visualization of the tumor, its location, the condition of nearby tissues and vascular bed.
• Magnetic resonance imaging is a highly informative examination method. It allows obtaining a highly accurate layer-by-layer image of the area of interest. It makes it possible to recognize the characteristics of the tumor.
• Biopsy is the process of obtaining tumor tissue suitable for histological examination. It can clearly indicate the nature of the tumor.
• Elastography is a new method of visualizing soft tissues based on various characteristics of their elasticity. It will help to detect many neoplasms, including cancerous ones, at early stages.
• Laboratory tests are required.

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Tests

Today, it is impossible to imagine diagnosing a disease without laboratory tests. In our case, the patient is prescribed the following tests:

• General urine analysis.
• Clinical blood test.
• Recognition of tumor markers. These are specific molecules that are produced in the human body from cancer cells, entering the blood. This study is a fairly accurate method for diagnosing oncological diseases. It allows detecting cancer cells at early stages of the pathology.
• Cytological examination is an integral component of breast disease diagnostics in most European countries. Our oncologists have also adopted it.
• Mandatory assessment of the level of expression of hormone receptors.

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Differential diagnostics

In order to make a correct diagnosis with the results of laboratory and instrumental studies, a qualified, experienced specialist is needed. Differential diagnostics of invasive ductal breast cancer is a method for excluding a cancerous neoplasm.

The specialist uses the so-called triple test, whereby each examination (clinical examination, mammography, biopsy) is assigned a certain score. The sum of these scores is assessed:

If the test result is three to four, this indicates the presence of a benign neoplasm.

A sum of five units indicates an unclear nature of the course of the pathology, which requires additional examination and detailing.

A test score of six to nine points clearly indicates the malignant nature of the disease.

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Instrumental diagnostics

It is hard to even imagine modern medicine without the help of specialized medical equipment, which significantly facilitates diagnosis and the resolution of the problem. Instrumental diagnostics of invasive ductal breast cancer, as already mentioned above, includes a number of methods:

• Mammography is a diagnostic examination of a patient, which allows to obtain two images (from different angles) of the mammary gland by using radiological rays. This method, thanks to the appropriate equipment, shows a fairly high resolution. However, in some cases, the reliability of the results can be reduced (from 6 to 40%), which should always be taken into account by an experienced doctor - mammologist. The quality of the result can be affected by the presence of an implant in the breast, too small a size of the neoplasm, as well as in the presence of fibrous growths.

• Ultrasound examination is an invasive technique that allows visualizing the internal structure of tissues. It allows examining the organ of interest from different angles. One of its varieties is Dopplerography. Thanks to it, a specialist is able to obtain blood flow assessment results. Ultrasound waves make it possible to differentiate dense formations. With its help, an experienced ultrasound specialist is able to recognize oncological neoplasms and cysts. If we rely on monitoring diagnostic measures, ultrasound is a more gentle procedure, since mammography is performed using X-rays. But it is not that simple. In most cases, a mammologist prescribes an ultrasound examination for a woman, but if she has crossed the 40-year mark, the patient undergoes mammography.
• Ductography is a type of examination known as mammography. The procedure is performed using X-rays and a contrast agent.
• Magnetic resonance imaging is a fairly informative method of examination. It allows obtaining a highly accurate layer-by-layer image of the area of interest. It makes it possible to recognize the characteristics of the tumor.
• Biopsy – obtaining a sample of mutated cells suitable for further histological examination.
• Elastography is an innovative method of visualizing soft tissues based on various characteristics of their elasticity. It allows to detect many neoplasms, including cancerous ones, even at early stages of pathology.

Treatment of invasive ductal breast cancer

The goal of any treatment is a complete recovery of the patient. In the case of oncological diseases, such a result is not always feasible, but it is possible to facilitate the improvement of health and prolong the life of the patient in most cases. The treatment protocol for each patient is individual and depends on the severity of the disease and the general condition of the patient. Treatment of invasive ductal breast cancer, after establishing the stage of the pathology, is determined by the following set of measures:

• Surgical treatment: lumpectomy (partial excision), mastectomy (complete removal of the affected breast). The type of surgery is prescribed by a mammologist-oncologist, based on the results of a comprehensive examination.
• Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy allows you to get rid of the remaining cancer cells in the body and prevent their further reproduction. Reduces the likelihood of recurrent malignant neoplasm. Therapy can be prescribed both before surgery and after (if there are metastases).
• Chemotherapy. Taking pharmacological agents that help prevent relapses of the disease. At stage 1 of the disease, this therapy is not prescribed to every patient. In more severe forms of the disease, it is mandatory.
• Hormonal therapy. Drugs of this group are introduced into the postoperative recovery protocol. The drugs prevent pathogenic cells from receiving the hormone that promotes the preferential growth of one hormone over others. Analogues of sex steroids are prescribed.
• If there are certain indications, a woman may be prescribed removal of the ovaries that produce dangerous hormones.

Medicines

In the treatment of invasive ductal breast cancer, there is no way to do without the support of pharmacological agents. The drugs that the patient has to take are varied, but the basis of the protocol is targeted therapy and chemotherapy drugs.

Targeted therapy drugs are prescribed to weaken the protective forces of mutated cells, which allows for much more effective treatment and faster achievement of the expected result.

Basically, Herceptin (trastuzumab), Avastin, Mebthera are used to solve this problem. This drug (Herceptin) is a highly purified protein. Its introduction allows for a unique, specific immune correction.

The drug is administered to the patient only intravenously by drip. The schedule and dosage of the drug are prescribed by the attending physician based on the clinical picture of the disease and the general health of the patient. It is not allowed to administer drugs of this group by jet or bolus. Therefore, such a procedure should be performed by an experienced medical worker.

With rare exceptions, the patient manages to avoid chemotherapy, while the rest of the patients have to go through it.

Chemotherapy also has its downside. The drugs used destroy not only mutated cells, but also some healthy tissue. A number of drugs in this group are strictly contraindicated for use during pregnancy and lactation.

The drugs most often found in treatment protocols belong to the pharmacological group of cytostatics. These are cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide, ledoxin, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide - LENS, cytoxan, endoxan.

Cyclophosphamide is an antitumor drug that can only be prescribed by an experienced oncologist. Its administration is unacceptable at home. The procedure must be carried out by a qualified medical worker, with all safety requirements met.

The side effects of chemotherapy are simply frightening, which repels many patients, but often the refusal of this therapy can cost a woman a return of the disease and a high risk of death. Unfortunately, today such drugs are the only effective method of combating invasive ductal breast cancer, in combination with other methods of influence.

Folk remedies

Oncology, its genesis and mechanism of development, are still not fully understood, but traditional medicine has enough methods to combat this terrible disease, although not enough to defeat it completely in some cases. Having received this terrible diagnosis, the patient, and with him his relatives and friends, are ready to try any methods, just to return to their former health. Folk treatment is not in the last place. But it is worth remembering that it is unlikely that you will be able to get rid of the tumor using only alternative medicine methods.

Such treatment should be carried out with the consent of the attending physician and in parallel with traditional therapy protocols.

To combat a disease such as invasive ductal breast cancer, it will not be enough to use traditional medicine recipes that can only destroy cancer cells. Herbs with different, but specific, characteristics are used in the treatment:

• Immunomodulators - activate the body's defenses to resist foreign invasion. These include: kopeechnik, duckweed, hollyhock, aconite, Pallas's spurge, red brush, hemlock, astragalus and other plants.
• Non-poisonous plants that can directly affect cancer cells (similar to chemotherapy, but do not replace it). This category includes: meadowsweet, burdock, sweet clover, black root, burdock, bedstraw, comfrey and others.
• Herbs that can affect hormone levels. Their use in such therapy is mandatory. This group of medicinal herbs includes: zyuznik, echium, black cohosh, vorotnik, bugloss, comfrey, blackroot and others.
• Herbs that help activate the liver, which is important for effective treatment and recovery after therapy. These include: immortelle, dandelion, milk thistle, calendula, centaury, saltwort, chicory, yarrow, etc.
• Plants that provide the body with supportive therapy: diuretics, which have sedative properties, improve the functioning of the digestive organs, etc. For such patients, the following are necessarily included in the course of herbal treatment: cinquefoil, meadowsweet, willow bark, peony, and others.

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Herbal treatment

When choosing folk remedies, you should learn more about a particular recipe. It would not be superfluous to talk to patients who have experienced its effect. At the same time, herbal treatment should be included in the therapy protocol only after permission from the attending physician - oncologist. After all, herbs are not as harmless as many people think. Only due to their pharmacological activity, drugs based on them are able, one way or another, to affect the functioning of the organs and systems of the body.

We offer you a number of agents that have been tested and shown to be effective enough to be recommended for the treatment of invasive ductal breast cancer.

• Remove the bark from young oak branches and leave until completely dry. Cut into smaller pieces. Take a tablespoon and add 200 ml of boiling water. Bring to a boil and remove from the stove for two minutes, then boil again. Seal the vessel and wrap it up, leaving it to brew for another two hours. Soak a cloth with warm liquid and apply it to the tumor as a compress. Keep the napkin for two hours. Repeat the procedure morning and evening.
• Pour two glasses of boiling water over four tablespoons of cleavers. Leave for two hours, then strain. Take 100 g in small sips four times a day. You can drink freshly squeezed juice in the same way.
• Cut young cherry branches into small sticks. Pour about a couple of handfuls of dried raw materials with two liters of goat's milk. Put the vessel with the milk-cherry mixture on the fire and simmer for about six hours on a barely noticeable fire. Drink three times a day between meals for 70 days.

Herbs that are poisonous plants give a highly effective result. Therefore, their use is very dangerous. It is necessary to strictly follow the recommended dosages. At the same time, it is unacceptable to take them with other medications, since it is not always possible to predict the result of their combined action. They should be taken in courses: three months of treatment, then a couple of weeks of break.

• The fly agaric mushroom caps are collected and dried. The raw material is infused in alcohol or vodka. To do this, you will need a couple of spoons of mushrooms and half a liter of vodka. Leave the mixture in a dark place for two weeks. The regimen is simple, but you should not deviate from it. You should start with one drop, adding one more every day. On the tenth day, you will get 10 drops in one go. Then there is a countdown: we reduce by one drop, reaching one drop per day. After this, a break is needed to allow the sick body to at least partially recover. After rest, the course of therapy can be repeated. In between courses, you should drink decoctions and tinctures obtained from herbs that have the property of removing toxins from the body. Japanese pagoda tree, flax seeds or black elder flowers are suitable here. It is advisable to drink such infusions between any courses based on poisonous plant preparations.
• Aconite root tincture is similarly infused and taken according to the same scheme. In this case, to obtain the medicine, you will need 20 g of root and 0.5 liters of vodka. The difference is that during a repeated course of therapy, the amount of medicine taken can be increased to 20 drops.
• Another infusion is prepared from the Siberian prince. Fill a dark glass bottle with crushed plant up to two-thirds. Fill the rest with alcohol or vodka. Leave to infuse for a couple of weeks, then drink thirty to forty drops three times a day. Duration of therapy is three months.
• In mid-June, collect forty green walnuts. Place them in a container and add purified kerosene to it - about three liters. Leave to brew for 40 days, then drain the liquid. Drink with 50 - 100 ml of water twice a day, taking the medicine before meals. The first day, the dosage of the tincture is five drops. Then add two more daily. Bring to 15 drops. Maintain this amount consistently for two weeks, then in reverse order, daily subtracting two drops, reduce the dosage, bringing it to 5 drops. This course will take four weeks. This scheme is more effective for benign tumors. In case of cancer, the dosage of the medicine and the regimen changes. You should drink a tablespoon twice a day, without a break for three months.

Homeopathy

Today, this new direction in alternative treatment of diseases offers a fairly wide range of drugs that are ready to help rid a person of such a disease as cancer. But it is worth remembering that homeopathy has a fairly high status, and, accordingly, experienced doctors, as well as a raw material base, only in its homeland - in China. Therefore, if a cold, runny nose or fatigue can still be trusted to our specialists in oriental medicine, then such a serious and dangerous disease as invasive ductal breast cancer is still better treated with methods of traditional classical medicine.

Surgical treatment

In most cases, the basis of therapy for the disease discussed in this article is still surgical treatment. The methods of its implementation are determined by the doctor individually, based on the analysis of the stage of detection of the pathology and the health condition of the patient, as well as in the presence of concomitant diseases in the patient's history.

Preferably, if the patient is diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 invasive ductal breast cancer, the oncologist-mammologist can perform an organ-preserving operation. This can be a lumpectomy - partial excision of the tumor, together with a small volume of nearby tissue. Such surgical intervention allows a woman to preserve her breast. After that, she receives a complex of restorative treatment. This is radiation therapy, laboratory monitoring.

If surgical treatment is possible at the third stage of a progressive disease, the woman is prescribed a mastectomy, which involves not partial, but complete removal of the affected mammary gland (usually in this case, the adjacent lymph nodes are also removed). In some cases, the patient may undergo breast reconstruction immediately after the mastectomy.

If the examination results show multiple metastases or the patient’s condition is severe, then doctors do not resort to surgical intervention.

After surgery, the patient should be prepared for a number of postoperative manifestations.

• Ichor may ooze from the surgical suture for some time.
• The site of the operation is affected by edema, which also spreads to the upper limb located on the affected side.
• Decreased mobility of the shoulder joint on the operated side is possible.

One should not forget about the psychological side of this operation. Such a woman in the postoperative period needs more than ever the support of her family and close people, and perhaps even a professional psychologist.

Prevention

The essence of recommendations for preventing the development of the disease is to minimize all factors that can become catalysts for pathology. As practice shows, the most dangerous age in this regard for a woman is from 40 to 60 years old, when her body begins to rebuild, approaching menopause. At the same time, her hormonal background does not remain on the sidelines. Changes in hormonal balance can become a provocateur that launched the process of cell mutation.

This is why prevention of invasive ductal breast cancer means that women at risk should visit a gynecologist or mammologist at least once every six months.

The modern pace of life and its peculiarities have led to the fact that many women, having given birth to one child, stop at this. The period of breastfeeding of a newborn has also significantly decreased. A number of representatives of the fair sex, in order not to spoil the shape of the breast, do not feed the baby with mother's milk at all, preferring artificial mixtures. Such a picture has a negative impact on the state of the reproductive system.

To reduce the risk of developing cancer, a woman needs to conceive, carry and give birth to a child. It is desirable to have at least two. In this case, the newborn should be breastfed, maintaining lactation for at least a year. As evidence of this, the number of women who do not have children has increased recently, and the frequency of diagnosis of the disease in question has also increased. The largest percentage of such cases is among women who have not given birth or have had more than one abortion.

The sex life of the fair sex should not be ignored either. To reduce the risk of disease, she should have one partner and have a regular sex life. Long periods of abstinence, as well as frequent changes of partners, only increase the risk of developing cancer, and also contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted infections.

You should be more selective in your diet. Make sure that your body does not starve, or, on the contrary, does not overeat. You should reduce your consumption of fatty, animal foods. Your diet should be rational and balanced. Particular attention should be paid to foods with a high content of vitamins A and E. As studies show, this group of vitamins has a pronounced antitumor effect on the body.

Clothing, especially underwear, also plays an important role. The bra a woman wears should be comfortable, not press anywhere, and not restrict movement.

It is worth making it a rule to feel your breasts yourself once a month. The method of this testing is simple and can be easily mastered by any woman.

Forecast

The effectiveness of the therapy and the further prognosis of life largely depend on the stage at which the disease was recognized. As monitoring shows, 80% of women after adequate therapy achieved full recovery, having received a diagnosis of stage 1 invasive ductal breast cancer.

When diagnosing the second stage, this indicator is somewhat lower and amounts to sixty percent. In the case of the third and fourth stages of the disease, this indicator is significantly lower. And with the increase in the severity of the pathology, it tends to zero.

Beautiful breasts are a natural adornment of any woman, and their loss causes her not only physical but also psychological suffering. Therefore, in order for the diagnosis of invasive ductal breast cancer not to become a death sentence, you should pay more attention to your health. It is necessary to make it a rule to independently test your breasts at least once a month and at least once every six months to undergo an examination by a doctor - a gynecologist or mammologist. Preventive measures also play an important role in this matter. This is the only way to protect yourself from the development of neoplasms and their degeneration into malignant tumors. Even if this happens, cancer will be recognized at an early stage, which will allow you to solve the problem with the least losses!

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