Fibrous polyp: what is it, species

The legs are rounded on legs, showing up on the mucous membrane of the hollow organs - the digestive canal, the genitourinary or respiratory system, and also on the surface of the skin called polyps, in Greek - polypus (many legs). Multiple growths of tumors are called polyposis, in which case their number should approach two dozen or more. Fibrous polyp is a formation in the structure of which fibers of connective fibrous tissue (fibrous) are present. Such tissue can be present to a greater or lesser extent in the structure of polyps of any localization. In addition to it, the glandular tissue is found in the structure of this formation, when the polyps grow on the mucous membrane, the skin epithelium tissues on the surface of the skin (papilloma), in its structure there are vessels providing nutrition and development of education.

Polyps of different localizations represent a wide range of diseases, heterogeneous by origin and morphology, in general, not related to each other.

What does fibrotic polyp mean?

This is a new formation of a dense consistence, the basis of which is fibrous tissue, covered with a thin layer of the cellular component of the glandular epithelium or epidermis.

When the structure of the polyp is practically no different from the structure of the mucosa of the organ on which it is located, such a polyp is called glandular. The stroma in the glandular polyp has a loose structure and is permeated with vessels. If histology does not reveal a vascular leg of the polyp, then the diagnosis itself is questioned.

When the glandular epithelium predominates in the structure and there is a certain amount of connective tissue fibers as the framework of the neoplasm, this polyp is called glandular fibrous.

These forms are treated as stages of development of the polyp. First, a "young" polyp has a soft, predominantly glandular structure, as it grows older with the development of connective tissue fibers, it strengthens, thickens and acquires a fibrous shape.

Causes of the fibrous polyps

The etiology of the appearance of polyps has not been fully studied to the present day. Many factors can trigger the mechanism of polyposis development. As practice shows, the appearance of polyps of any localization was observed in people whose family history already had such cases, that is, predisposed to polyposis genetically.

The risk factors for the appearance of these tumors also include:

• pathological malfunctions in the work of immunity;
• the presence of bad habits - overeating and, therefore, overweight, the use of psychotropic substances (nicotine, alcohol, drugs);
• age - in adults after 35 years such formations are found much more often;
• the presence of foci of chronic infection, allergic diseases - constant exacerbations create favorable conditions for the development of tumors, including polyps.

In addition, it is noted that during periods of hormonal changes the appearance of polyps is more likely. Accommodation in regions with an increased radiation background is also considered a risk factor for the appearance of tumor-like formations.

The structure and age of the polyps are also slightly different, which can affect the diagnostic conclusion. All polypous structures have in their structure elements of connective tissue, which are a framework, and a vascular pedicle that provides blood supply and development of the build-up.

Fibro-vascular polyps are diagnosed when it consists primarily of connective (fibrous) tissue and a whole network of vessels is found in its structure. This form of mature age polyp, which appeared at you not yesterday. A synonym for this form is the fibro-angiomatous polyp.

For a younger age of education, the conclusion "polyp with fibrous stroma" may indicate. Apparently, this formation is from unchanged epithelial cells that are attached to the framework of connective tissue. In this polyp also there are vessels, perhaps not too many.

Conclusions Fibrous-fibrous polyp of a functional type suggests that in the structure of formation, in addition to cells of connective tissue, there are approximately the same cells of the functional layer of the endometrium, that is, hyperplastic changes occurred in this layer. Another type of polyp can also be diagnosed, in which the cells of the basal layer of the endometrium will predominate. In this case, the diagnosis will sound like a glandular fibrous polyp of the basal type.

Histological conclusion fibro-edematous polyp says that under the microscope, the predominance of the cells of the edematous mucous membrane of the organ with signs of a chronic inflammatory process was found. The presence of fibrous structures suggests a solid age of the polyp. This is one of the most common forms of polyps found in the nasal cavity.

Researchers identify and specific factors affecting the appearance of polyps of specific localization. Pathogenesis and symptoms, as well as the effects of formations in the digestive canal, nose or urethra, differ significantly from each other.

[1], [2], [3], [4], [5],

Symptoms of the fibrous polyps

These are completely separate diseases, so it makes sense to consider specific types of fibrotic polyp by localization.

[6], [7], [8], [9]

Fibrous polyp of the nose

Tumor-like formation with a predominance of fibrous tissue cells has a considerable age. Such polyps are usually located in the hooves of the nose. They are sometimes mistaken for benign tumors - fibromas.

In addition to the above-mentioned reasons, the appearance of polyps, nasal localization is mainly associated with frequent colds that arise as a result of acute respiratory viral infection and acquire a chronic course, sinusitis, horn rhinitis, aspirin triad, anatomical features such as narrowness of nasal passages, other allergic and inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx.

So, the main pathogenetic link in the appearance of a polyp in the nose is a respiratory infection. The infection of the infectious agent on the nasal mucosa and its increased reproduction cause changes in epithelial cells, abundant discharge of mucus in order to get rid of the pathogen. With normal immune status and timely treatment, a complete recovery occurs. In addition, if there is a chronic infection, immunity suffers, a person may be prone to polyps, in short, general risk factors are added to the inflammatory process.

If the inflammation passes into a chronic form, the mucous membrane begins the hyperplastic process - the mucous membrane of the nose tries to overcome the pathogens quantitatively, increasing the area of its surface. It is, in a way, a protective reaction of the body. When the place becomes small, the polyps go into the nasal passages.

The first signs of polyps are not too noticeable, the growth is small and does not cause significant discomfort. To the common cold the patient is accustomed to and abundant discharge from the nose perceives as another rhinitis. Nevertheless, even in the initial stage, the appearance of polyps can cause complications in the form of inflammation of adenoids, tonsils or otitis.

If the polyp is not found, the hyperplastic process continues. The fibrous cords grow, the voice's tone changes - the person becomes nasal, the nasal passages overlap more and more - the breathing becomes heavier, the hearing organs are affected - deafness and distortion of speech appear. At this stage, you must always consult a doctor, otherwise the changes may become irreversible.

At the last stage, the air passage in the nose is completely blocked, the symptoms are pronounced - hearing loss, headaches, general weakness, permanent nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. When joining the infection - there may be hyperthermia.

The consequence of a prolonged growth of polyps in the nose may be the formation of an incorrect bite in a child, poor appetite and insufficient weight, in patients of any age - a persistent runny nose, sometimes with an admixture of purulent discharge, impaired sense of smell, hearing impairment, taste distortion, strong proneness. The danger of inflammatory processes in the airways (tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia) increases, patients suffer from chronic sinusitis and tonsillitis with frequent exacerbations, inflammations of the eustachian tube, otitis, and sometimes bronchial asthma develops. A serious complication of polyposis is the stopping of breathing in sleep (apnea), which can lead to the death of the patient. It is believed that the life expectancy of a person with polyps in the nose is shortened by about six years, mainly because of the lack of normal nasal breathing and the need to breathe unnatural way - the mouth, which leads to insufficient moistening, warming and purifying the air falling directly into the lower respiratory ways. And this is a direct way to the development of various complications.

The polyp of the nose is the most common consequence of a chronic cold. Perhaps the polyps of this particular localization are most often found in children. For children, the fibrous polyp of the maxillary sinus is characteristic, in the adult population the mucosa of the latticed labyrinth more often grows. On average, nasal polyps are diagnosed in every 50th inhabitant of the planet, more often in adults than in children. Also polyposis are more susceptible to males - they have such formations found four times more often than women.

[10], [11], [12], [13], [14],

Fibrous polyps of the urethra

The main cause of tumor build-up of this localization is long chronic urethritis - chlamydial, trichomonas, gonorrhea, herpetic, caused by conditionally pathogenic flora. In the pathogenesis of the urethral polyp, inflammation of the intestine, ischemia of the walls of the urethra, and trauma are also considered. The likelihood of the appearance of polyps increases during periods of decreased immunity and hormonal changes in the background.

In the wide and short female urethra, polyps can be located along the entire length, although they are more often found at the outlet on the back wall. In male patients - at the entrance to the prostate gland and at the outlet to the urethra from the vas deferens.

In the initial stage the polyp does not show itself, only with the growth of education there are discomfortable sensations when urinating. Itching and burning, worse in the process of urination, sensation of obstructing the outflow of urine, in men, it is often sprayed into the sides, there may be bloody discharge and even significant urethrograms. Polyps of large size can block the lumen of the urethra and the outflow of urine.

Women can complain of pain during intercourse and spotting after coition, men for various kinds of dysfunction in the genital area: spontaneous sperm secretion after urination, premature ejaculation, traces of blood in the sperm, and the like.

Fibrous polyps of the urethra occur more often than other urethral neoplasms. They are more predisposed to women, which is explained by the peculiarities of anatomy and morphology. Such diagnoses are most often diagnosed in patients between the ages of fifty and seventy.

[15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]

Fibrotic Stomach Polyps

The current international classification by histological features divides the polyps of the stomach into true (adenomatous) and pseudo-tumoral patterns. The second type includes hyperplastic and inflammatory fibrotic polyps of the stomach. The reasons for their occurrence are not exactly established, however, as the name suggests, they are associated with chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa caused by infection with the Helicobacter pylori bacterium.

In addition to infectious in the pathogenesis of the appearance of stomach polyps, a chemical hypothesis is considered. In the first place in a mutagenic action, the salts of nitric and nitrous acid (nitrates and nitrites) are fed into the stomach with food. These substances have a destructive effect on the epithelial cells of the stomach, which contributes to the growth of polyps.

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing polyps of the stomach are similar to other localizations.

In contrast to adenomatous polyps, consisting of the degenerated cells of the mucosal epithelium, pseudotumoral formations consist of unchanged epithelial cells and fibrous stroma. Usually located in the prepiloric and pyloric part.

The fibrous polyp of the stomach does not carry the risk of malignant degeneration, but it can cause profuse gastric bleeding.

Most of the polyps of the stomach do not manifest themselves and are found with gastroscopy, which is carried out to patients with complaints of gastritis symptoms. Dyspepsia is the first sign of a fibrous polyp of the stomach, because it is a manifestation of inflammation, against which the hyperplastic process developed. Inflammation, nausea, heartburn, constipation and diarrhea, rumbling in the abdomen, raspiranie after eating - such nonspecific symptoms may be the reason for the examination.

The increase in the size of the polyp leads to the appearance of ulceration of its surface and internal bleeding. Hidden bleeding leads to the development of anemia.

Polyps on the foot are often damaged or twisted, which leads to rupture of vascular membranes. This, in turn, is manifested by the appearance of traces of blood in the stool, brown vomiting, black stool. With massive gastric bleeding, the patient is pale, his blood pressure drops, his pulse rate increases, and perspiration appears on his forehead.

It is rare that polyps show pain when palpated or after eating.

Large polyps in rare cases overlap the pyloric canal and prevent the food from moving from the stomach to the duodenum. It stagnates, at first periodically, after eating solid food, then - more often and after eating a puree-like consistency. Symptoms - eructation, stagnant vomiting with rotten smell of the contents, the same smell from the mouth, prolonged bursting pain after eating.

It is possible to penetrate the polyp on the peduncle into the duodenum. This is usually accompanied by vomiting, pain of varying intensity - epigastric, periapusal, under the right rib, constipation. In this case, there is a risk of pinching the polyp with a valve located between the stomach and duodenum (gatekeeper). Symptoms of pinching are acute paroxysmal pains that span the entire abdomen.

The most common localization of polyps in the stomach is the pyloanthral section. According to Russian researchers, polyps grow in this place in 70-85% of cases. Americans also consider this location to be the main, however, their figure is below -58.5%.

In the body of the stomach, polyps are found in patients of Russian doctors in 17-25% of cases, Americans call about the same figure - 23.2%. The third most important localization is the cardiac department (researchers unanimously refer to figures from 2 to 3%). In this place, polyps are localized mainly in children (cardioesophageal junction).

Single polyps occur about the same frequency as multiple, among which the diffuse form is about 10%.

The gender composition of patients is different. Some authors claim that polyps are more common in men, but not all agree with them. But with respect to age, the authors are unanimous - in most cases polyps were found in patients of the age group of 40-50 years.

[21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]

Fibrous polyp of intestine

In the small intestine, these tumorous formations are practically not found, their favorite site for localization is the large intestine. The exact causes of proliferation of the intestinal mucosa are not established, nevertheless, the appearance of fibrotic polyps is considered the result of inflammation of the intestine. Such polyps are most often found in the anal canal. The causes of their occurrence can be inflammation of the sinuses of the rectal canal, hemorrhoids, colitis, incomplete internal fistula.

Some researchers believe that polyps are formed in places where the intestinal mucosa was injured and the regeneration process is disrupted.

In a fibrous polyp of the rectum, a hollow hemorrhoidal node or hypertrophied anal papilla can be transformed.

In addition to the general risk factors for any tumors, the appearance of polyps of the intestine is more susceptible to people who consume little food that contains fiber, which are located on carbohydrates and fats, which suffer from constipation, dysbacteriosis, decreased or increased acidity, diverticulosis, a sedentary lifestyle.

In general, polyps in the initial stages do not show themselves. When localized in the thin or duodenum, which happens extremely rarely, they grow asymptomatically to a large size and overlap the lumen of the intestine. This is manifested by pain in the upper abdomen, a feeling of overflow of the stomach, a faint belch, heartburn, nausea and vomiting. Ignoring these symptoms can result in complete obstruction.

Polyps in the large intestine are manifested by pain in the area of the relevant departments, disorders of defecation - constipation is replaced by diarrhea, tenesmus, moderate or significant discomfort during defecation, traces of blood or mucus in the stool, bleeding or mucous discharge from the anus.

With the growth of the polyp, the patient has a foreign body sensation, the polyp can begin to fall out of the anus, is traumatized by the calves, inflames. Develop complications - burning, itching, pain, inflammation passes to the skin surrounding the anus.

Polyps in the intestine can appear at any age, but after 50 years the probability of such formations grows, in men they are found more often.

[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32]

Fibrous polyp in the uterus

Uterine formations have a hyperplastic origin, that is, they are a consequence of the increased growth of cells of the inner layer lining the uterus. Polyps of the body of the uterus can be located anywhere in its inner layer, grow into the uterine cavity and have, as a rule, a small size, although sometimes reach three centimeters. Vessels are present in polyps of all kinds, ensuring their growth and development.

The endometrium has a two-layer structure - a functional layer that tears off monthly, and the basal layer is its basis. These layers differ in structure and polyps can have different shapes corresponding to the cellular structure of the layers.

Polyps of a functional type are formed with an excess of estrogens or progesterone, since this layer actively reacts to quantitative changes in sex hormones. In this layer, the glandular fibrous polyps of the endometrium are formed, provided that the functional layer does not completely exit during menstruation. The glands that make up the majority of the polyp have a functional layer structure. Formations of this type are quite rare, mainly in women of childbearing age, after the onset of menopause - half as often.

The basal layer does not react to hormonal oscillations; polyps of this type have much more fibrous fibers, its structure is more dense, and the glandular tissue is represented by cells of the basal layer. Such polyps are characteristic for patients of mature age, in which the level of estrogen is still high.

Fibrous polyps of the endometrium can be formed only by connective fibers, with single inclusions of glands, there are not too many vessels. In the fibrous polyp the vascular pedicle has a thickened sclerosed membrane.

Fibrous polyp of the cervical canal grows on the mucous membrane of the cervix (synonyms - fibrotic polyps of endocervix, fibrous polyps of the cervix). Its structure is similar to the endometrial polypus - cells of glandular, connective and vascular tissue. Depending on the ratio of different types of cells, endocervical polyps can also be glandular fibrous and fibrotic.

The reasons for the appearance of polyps on the mucous membrane of the uterus and its neck have not yet been fully clarified. There are several hypotheses and, probably, they all have the right to exist. The process of development of any neoplasms is multifactorial in nature.

The mechanism of proliferation of cells of the mucous membrane lining the uterus and the cervical canal trigger inflammatory diseases. Almost all patients with polyps had other gynecological problems: endometritis, cervicitis, inflammation of the appendages, vaginitis, vaginal dysbacteriosis and other infectious and inflammatory processes in chronic form.

Damage to the cervix during labor (rupture), as a result of prolonged protection with the help of an intrauterine device and destructive methods of treatment, also causes polyps of this localization.

The main cause of the appearance of endometrial polyps is called hormonal disorders and, in the first place, they blame excessive estrogen. Polyposis is considered as a special case of endometrial hyperplasia, as a consequence of replacement therapy with estrogen-containing drugs in postmenopausal women.

It has already been established that endometrial polyps have not only estrogenic, but also progesterone receptors. It is believed that the development of polyposis affects the hormone deficiency of pregnancy.

But the hormonal theory, recognized as the main one in the development of intrauterine polyps, is not confirmed with respect to polyps of endocervix. They are more common in the postpartum period and are practically not found in women who have crossed the half-century boundary. In the pathogenesis of fibrous polyps of the cervix, the main role is given to trauma and inflammation.

Prolonged therapy with corticosteroids presumably can also lead to the growth of the polyp uterus.

In women who have taken an estrogen antagonist in the breast cancer treatment regimen - Tamoxifen, polyposis is often found.

Also, in the pathogenesis of pseudotumoral growths of the endometrial mucosa, enzymatic hyperactivity of aromatase is considered; ischemic processes in uterine tissues associated with obstruction of vessels, destructive processes (myoma, endometriosis, pseudo-erosion); surgical trauma (abortion, diagnostic curettage).

Hereditary factor (in the cells of the endometrium, the gene - HNGIC-gene, responsible for the formation of polyps) was discovered and other common causes indicated above can also help initiate the hyperplastic process.

Features of the symptomatology also depend on many factors, about a fifth of cases (and maybe more), when polyps have a size of up to 10 mm, is asymptomatic. And if fibrous polyps of the cervix can sometimes be detected visually during a gynecological examination, the formations located inside the uterus - only on ultrasound or with diagnostic curettage assigned for any other reason.

The main sign of the presence of polyps as endometrium and endocervix are discharges with blood veins or uterine bleeding in the intermenstrual or menopausal period, after coitus or gynecological examination. Such symptoms are observed in a third of patients with endometrial polyps.

Should be alarming long (up to seven days), profuse menstruation with a lot of blood clots, dull aching pain in the lower abdomen. Sometimes the pain occurs during or after intercourse.

Large formations can cause abundant vaginal discharge, whitish or grayish hue.

In addition, infertility or habitual miscarriage can be symptoms that indirectly indicate the presence of a polyp. Experts believe that such consequences result not so much in the presence of education, as a hormonal imbalance or inflammatory (destructive) process leading to polyposis.

Characteristically, in fertile patients with a glandular fibrous polyp of the endometrium, usually a stable menstrual cycle without disturbances.

Such formations are in most cases found in women older than 35 years, and in the late reproductive period more often than after the onset of menopause. However, there are cases of polyposis and in very young girls, not yet living a sex life.

The presence of fibrotic polyps of the endometrium and / or endocervix, even with no symptoms, reduces the quality of life of the woman - chronic inflammation, the possibility of bleeding, pain after sex leads to a decrease in interest in intimate life, in addition, the risk of infection of the genital organs, as local immunity their mucous membrane is reduced.

[33], [34]

Fibrous polyp of mucous and skin

In addition to the already described polypous lesions, which occur quite often, similar growths can form on the mucous membranes of any hollow organ - in the mouth, in the ear, on the vocal cords. The study of the causes of their education, medicine is still engaged. Any infectious and inflammatory process that lasts long on the mucous membrane increases the likelihood of a fibrous polyp. While the polyp has small dimensions, it is mostly found by chance, when the organ is examined for any other problems, in particular, the same chronic inflammation. Later, there are some indirect symptoms, for example, a runny nose - with polyps in the nose, hoarseness - with polyps on the vocal cords, which can be interpreted as cold symptoms. Therefore, it is worth to carefully consider your health and be examined when there are any persistent symptoms of trouble.

Polyps, or rather, papillomas - fibroepithelial outgrowths of round or oval shape on the legs may appear on the skin. There are such formations in places that often suffer from rubbing against clothing or other skin areas. Their favorite places are in the armpits, on the inner upper surface of the thighs, on the eyelids, on the back and neck, under the bust of women.

They are also provided with vessels, connective tissue fibers and cellular epithelium. Basically - do not bring any discomfort, other than aesthetic. If the polyp is injured, a slight bleeding may occur on the skin.

At risk of polyps on the skin are people with excess weight - lovers of sweet, flour, diabetics; pregnant women; with the corresponding hereditary predisposition. With age, the likelihood of such new growths increases. Women are more prone to papillomas, however, men, especially the elderly and full, also have such formations.

In their pathogenesis, the human papilloma virus is considered, which can "doze" in the body for a long time and manifest itself under the influence of one or a combination of several factors common to all polyps.

Polyps on the skin in the vast majority are not dangerous, however, when they appear, it is worth to see the doctor. Yet - this is a new growth.

[35]

Fibrous polyp and pregnancy

One of the undesirable consequences of polyposis of the uterus may be infertility. A single large polyp or its unfortunate location can block the access of spermatozoa to the fallopian tubes, to prevent implantation of the fetal egg.

However, this does not always happen. In many cases, a woman can become pregnant if she has an endometrial polyp or cervical canal. Treatment of polyps during pregnancy is not carried out, except for cases when polyps have large (exceeding 10 mm) size, bleed, manifest severe inflammation with elements of destruction or necrosis, have mutated cells (not necessarily cancerous).

The pathology itself can lead to serious complications of pregnancy.

The intrauterine fibrotic polyp, located near the place of attachment of the placenta, can provoke its partial detachment, which may lead to premature termination of the pregnancy or insufficient nutrition of the embryo.

Polyp of the cervix can lead to its premature opening (ischemic-cervical insufficiency) and low placental location.

Fibrous polyps during pregnancy give the majority of women serious discomfort: pain in the lower abdomen and in the lumbar region, the bloody patches of the vagina. Small polyps, as a rule, do not have a negative effect on the fetus. But still, given the possible complications, it makes sense for a woman to check for polyps before the pregnancy and get rid of them in advance.

At present, in most cases, hysteroscopy is used to remove polyps, which is a more gentle operation than classical endometrial scraping, similar to surgical abortion. The onset of pregnancy after the operative disposal of polyps in most cases is entirely possible.

[36], [37], [38]

Complications and consequences

Fibrous polyp of any localization is a benign tumor-like formation, a pseudotumor that is formed from epithelial cells and connective tissue. What is dangerous fibrotic polyp? Why do experts always insist on removing it?

The most serious consequence of having a fibrous polyp of the mucous membrane of any organ or skin is the risk of malignancy. Although this process occurs with fibrotic polyps in very rare cases, cell degeneration is still possible. The malignancy rate is estimated at 0.5-1%, but such a probability exists.

In addition, it is impossible to determine the type of cells from which the polyp consists, only in appearance. Such a forecast is conjectural. Even the smallest formation in the stomach, intestine, uterus, resembling a polyp in shape can be a malignant tumor. And, naturally, the sooner it is established, the more favorable the forecast. And it is possible to draw conclusions about the cellular structure of education only after histological examination of the materials of the removed polyp.

The glandular fibrous polyp with inflammation is considered even more dangerous in the sense of malignancy than just fibrous. Rapidly growing glandular components are more prone to transformation, the polyp first turns into adenomatous, and then, if left untreated, a neoplastic process can begin. The probability of malignancy of adenomatous polyps is estimated at 3-3.5%.

Even if we assume that the fibrotic polyp remains benign, its presence and growth inside the organ leads to dystrophic changes, not stopping the inflammatory process. Large formations block natural holes, preventing breathing, food, sperm (depending on localization). And again - the risk of degeneration in large polyps increases at times.

[39], [40], [41], [42]

Diagnostics of the fibrous polyps

The choice of the diagnostic procedure depends on the localization of the polyp. Sometimes they can be detected by visual examination with the help of gynecological mirrors (on the cervix, in the urethra), rhinoscopy (in the nose). For the detection of formations in the internal organs cavity, instrumental diagnostics - ultrasound, contrast radiography, computer or magnetic resonance imaging (uterine cavity, bladder, nasal sinuses), urethroscopy, hysteroscopy, endoscopic examination of the stomach and upper intestine, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy. The choice of technique depends on the localization of the polyp and the possibilities of the institution.

And if non-invasive studies (X-rays, ultrasound, CT, MRI) are purely diagnostic, then, for example, with hysteroscopy immediately removed and polypous formation, followed by separate diagnostic curettage of the cervix and uterine cavity. When the formations are localized in the stomach or intestine, they are endoscopically removed. Often, diagnostic procedures are both curative.

After polypectomy, the histology of the fibrous polyp is mandatory. Only after careful examination of materials from the removed tissues can we make a diagnostic conclusion with certainty whether the polyp tissues are unchanged or whether a neoplastic process has already begun in them.

In addition, almost always present inflammation requires analysis for the detection of pathogenic flora - these can be PCR analyzes, crops for crops, microscopy and others.

[43], [44], [45], [46]

Differential diagnosis

The data of ultrasonic diagnostics are confirmed by histological studies in 80% of cases. This is a high rate of accuracy, which makes it possible to determine the necessity and scope of surgical intervention. In pregnant women, the decidual pseudo-polyp is differentiated from the true one. Polyps of the uterus are distinguished with hyperplasia of the endometrium, small fibroids, which are not subject to removal, pregnancy in the early stages, including frozen; polyps endocervix - with hyperplasia of the stroma of the cervical canal wall.

According to the histological study, the malignant process is primarily excluded and the appearance of the polyp (glandular, adenomatous, fibrous, etc.) is determined.

Excludes or confirms the presence of an infection, an allergic reaction.

In all cases, it is only possible to differentiate polyps from different localizations from other types of tumors of these organs (angiomas, lipomas, non-epithelial tumors and other formations) by examining biopsies or tissues of a distant polyp.

This helps determine the tactics of conducting a further course of therapy.

Treatment of the fibrous polyps

As practice shows, fibrous polyps of any localization do not dissolve themselves, hormone therapy is also in most cases ineffective. You can not leave polyps without attention because of possible malignancy. The presence of polyposis is treated as a precancerous condition. The only way to get rid of polyps is surgical. Treatment of fibrotic polyps is  usually prescribed after removal and a histological study of the formation is necessarily carried out. The main goal of postoperative therapy is the prevention of relapses.

Prevention

To prevent the formation of polyps of any location, it is necessary to identify and treat various infectious and inflammatory diseases in a timely manner, not allowing them to chronize, monitor hormonal and immune status, lead an active lifestyle, eat right, and give up harmful habits.

If nevertheless it was necessary to encounter this phenomenon, then it is worth considering that polyps are prone to recurrence, so after their removal, one should not abandon the proposed course of therapy, strictly follow the medical recommendations and regularly undergo examinations.

[47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53]

Forecast

The vast majority of fibrotic polyps of any location are benign. Their removal is possible with the help of minimally invasive technologies, sometimes even on an outpatient basis.

With timely treatment and implementation of the doctor's recommendations, the prognosis for life is favorable.

[54], [55], [56], [57]