All iLive content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure as much factual accuracy as possible.
We have strict sourcing guidelines and only link to reputable media sites, academic research institutions and, whenever possible, medically peer reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses ([1], [2], etc.) are clickable links to these studies.
If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please select it and press Ctrl + Enter.
Thoracic vertebrae
Medical expert of the article
Last reviewed: 06.07.2025
The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracicae) are larger than the cervical vertebrae. The height of their body increases from top to bottom. It is maximum at the 12th thoracic vertebra. The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are long, inclined downwards and overlap each other. This arrangement prevents hyperextension of the spinal column. The articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae are oriented in the frontal plane, with the upper articular surfaces directed laterally and posteriorly, and the lower ones - medially and anteriorly.
The thoracic vertebrae (II through IX) have superior and inferior costal fossae (foveae costales superior et inferior), or more precisely, semi-fossae, on the posterolateral surfaces of the body. The superior semi-fossae of the vertebra lying below is aligned with the inferior semi-fossae of the vertebra lying above and forms an articular surface for the head of the corresponding rib.
Thoracic vertebrae I, X, XI and XII have their own characteristics. On the body of the first thoracic vertebra there are upper complete costal fossae for articulation with the heads of the first ribs, as well as lower semi-fossae, which together with the upper semi-fossae of the second thoracic vertebra form complete fossae for the heads of the second ribs. Thoracic vertebrae XI and XII have complete fossae for the corresponding ribs.
The transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae are thickened at the ends. On the anterior surface of the transverse processes, costal fossae (foveae costal is processus transversi) are visible for articulation with the tubercle of the corresponding rib. Vertebrae XI and XII do not have fossae on the transverse processes.
Where does it hurt?
What do need to examine?
How to examine?