Kanamycin

Kanamycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the aminoglycoside category.

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Indications Kanamycin

It is used to eliminate various pathologies of infectious origin.

The drug is administered parenterally in the following cases:

• in case of pleural empyema, tuberculosis or pneumonia;
• for burns complicated by infections;
• in infectious processes in the nervous system and biliary tract, in the respiratory organs, bones and joints, and also in the peritoneum;
• for pyelitis with cystitis, pyelonephritis and other infections affecting the urinary system;
• in sepsis, and also after surgical operations.

The tablets should be prescribed for enterocolitis, dysentery, intestinal infections, hepatic coma, as well as for carriage of bacteria of dysenteric origin and before surgical operations in the digestive organs.

Eye films are prescribed in case of ulceration in the corneal area, as well as in case of keratitis with blepharitis and bacterial conjunctivitis.

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Release form

It is produced in the form of a lyophilisate for intravenous and intramuscular injections, in 1 g vials, 10 pieces per box.

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Pharmacodynamics

The mechanism of medicinal action is based on the destruction of bacterial cell walls, blocking the production of proteins, and disrupting the process of formation of the RNA complex, which has a transport and matrix nature.

The active component enters the bacterial cells and is synthesized there with special receptor proteins.

The drug affects gram-negative microflora, gram-positive microbes, and also staphylococci with shigella, proteus and klebsiella, as well as neisseria, salmonella and intestinal sticks. The strains of the noted microbes are resistant to the influence of tetracycline, streptomycin, as well as chloramphenicol and benzylpenicillin with erythromycin.

The drug has no effect on yeast and protozoan fungi, viruses, anaerobic microflora and streptococci.

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Dosing and administration

The medicine is administered by intramuscular injection or intravenously through a drip.

The size of a single medicinal dose for intravenous drip administration is 500 mg. This dosage is diluted in a 5% dextrose solution (0.2 l). When administered, the rate should be 60-80 drops/minute.

Infections of non-tuberculous origin are treated by administering a single dose of 500 mg (a maximum of 2 g of the drug is allowed per day). The duration of antimicrobial treatment is about 5-7 days.

During the treatment of tuberculosis, the drug is administered intramuscularly - a dose of 1 g is administered once a day or divided into 2 doses of 500 mg.

In the period before the intestinal sanitation procedure, adults should be prescribed Kanamycin in a dose of 750 mg, with intervals of 5 hours. A maximum of 4 g of the drug can be used per day.

In case of liver encephalopathy, 2-3 g of the drug is administered orally at intervals of 6 hours.

A 0.25% solution in a portion of 10-50 ml is introduced into the pleura, peritoneum and joint cavity as a wash.

To perform peritoneal dialysis, it is necessary to dilute 1-2 g of the drug in dialysis fluid (0.5 l).

Aerosol inhalations are carried out using a solution dosage of 0.25 g - 2-4 procedures per day.

0.5 g of a 2.5% solution must be injected into the peritoneum.

The eye film must be removed from the case or bottle using sterile tweezers for ophthalmological procedures, then pull down the lower eyelid and place it inside the eye. Then release the eyelid and hold the eye motionless for 60 seconds so that the film is moistened with eye fluid and becomes soft and elastic. Such films should be used no more than 2 times a day.

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Use Kanamycin during pregnancy

The drug should not be prescribed to pregnant women. After its use by pregnant women, congenital deafness was observed in children. The drug can be used only if there are vital indications, in exceptional cases when antibiotics from other categories have not had an effect or cannot be used.

Kanamycin is excreted in small amounts in breast milk (maximum 18 mcg/ml) and is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, which is why no adverse effects associated with it have been observed in breastfed infants. However, it is still recommended to refrain from breastfeeding during therapy.

Contraindications

Main contraindications:

• neuritis in the region of the 8th pair of cranial nerves;
• hypersensitivity to aminoglycosides.

Caution is required when used in individuals with shaking palsy, myasthenia, botulism, renal disease, and in the elderly. During therapy, it is necessary to take into account the degree of necessity of using the drug.

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Side effects Kanamycin

The use of the substance may cause the appearance of some side effects:

• digestive system disorders: diarrhea, bloating, oily or foamy stools, vomiting, malabsorption, nausea, and increased liver enzyme levels;
• disorders of hematopoietic function: development of leukopenia, thrombocyto- or granulocytopenia, as well as anemia;
• Symptoms from the nervous system: a neurotoxic effect develops, which manifests itself in the form of paresthesia, epilepsy, numbness with tingling, and in addition to this, muscle twitching. Headaches, a feeling of drowsiness or weakness, and respiratory arrest also appear due to a disruption in the transmission of impulses through muscle nerves;
• dysfunction of the sense organs: the drug has an ototoxic effect, which causes hearing loss up to deafness, and in addition, there is a ringing in the ears or their blockage. The drug affects the function of the vestibular apparatus, causing nausea with vomiting, dizziness, and loss of motor coordination;
• signs from the urinary system: development of albuminuria, cylinduria, microhematuria, as well as nephrotoxicity and a feeling of thirst. Frequent urination is also observed;
• Others: fever, rash, Quincke's edema and itching.

Using eye films can cause a sensation of a foreign object in the eye for several minutes, as well as swelling, hyperemia of the eyelids and lacrimation.

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Overdose

Intoxication manifests itself in the form of symptoms such as loss of appetite, thirst, hearing loss, ataxia, respiratory distress, dizziness, ear ringing or congestion, and nausea.

It is necessary to carry out a hemodialysis procedure to remove the blockade of transmission of neuromuscular impulses and the complications from its development.

In addition, peritoneal dialysis and the use of anticholinesterase agents and calcium salts can be used.

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Interactions with other drugs

Kanamycin potentiates the muscle relaxant properties of polymyxin, curare-like agents and general anesthetics, and also weakens the effect of antimyasthenic drugs.

It is not compatible with such drugs as streptomycin, gentamicin, viomycin, heparin with erythromycin, as well as penicillin, capreomycin, nitrofurantoin and cephalosporin with amphotericin B.

Penicillins, cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics may decrease the effect of the aminoglycoside in people with severe CRF.

Cisplatin with nalidixic acid, vancomycin and polymyxin increase the risk of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Sulfanilamides and NSAIDs, as well as cephalosporins and penicillins with diuretics (especially furosemide) potentiate nephrotoxicity with neurotoxicity - due to blocking the processes of aminoglycoside elimination as a result of competition for active release inside the nephron tubules. This ultimately leads to an increase in their values in the blood serum.

After injection of the drug into the peritoneum in combination with the administration of cyclopropane, the likelihood of apnea significantly increases.

With parenteral administration of indomethacin, the risk of developing toxic effects of aminoglycosides increases due to a decrease in clearance rates and prolongation of the half-life.

When used in combination with methoxyflurane, polymyxins, and opioid analgesics, nephrotoxicity and respiratory arrest are observed.

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Storage conditions

Kanamycin should be kept in a dark place, out of reach of small children. Temperature indicators should not exceed 25°C.

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Shelf life

Kanamycin can be used for 2 years from the date of release of the drug.

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Application for children

In newborns and premature infants, due to poorly developed renal function, a longer half-life is observed, which can cause accumulation of the drug and the development of a toxic effect. Because of this, the use of Kanamycin in this group of patients and children under 1 year is allowed only if there are vital indications.

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Analogues

An analogue of the drug is Kanamycin Sulfate.

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Reviews

Kanamycin receives good reviews regarding its medicinal effectiveness. Although some patients note that the drug often causes negative reactions.