^

Health

Bacteria in the urine of a child

, medical expert
Last reviewed: 24.08.2022
Fact-checked
х

All iLive content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure as much factual accuracy as possible.

We have strict sourcing guidelines and only link to reputable media sites, academic research institutions and, whenever possible, medically peer reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses ([1], [2], etc.) are clickable links to these studies.

If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please select it and press Ctrl + Enter.

One of the indicators of the presence of an infection or pathological processes in the body is bacteria in the urine. Consider the causes of this phenomenon, types, methods of treatment.

Urine is excreted by the kidneys and is a product of human life. It passes through the filtration in the kidneys, and then flows down the ureters to the bladder and is excreted from the body through the urethra.

The study of urine in children is one of the simplest and at the same time informative diagnostic methods. Indicators of the biological fluid may indicate the presence of pathology even before the appearance of its clinical symptoms. The analysis provides information about the state of the genitourinary system and the whole body, reveals hidden inflammatory processes.

Bacteria in the urine of a child is a dangerous signal, since in a healthy state they should not be present, as well as fungi or parasites. The norm of bacteria for children is no more than 105 per 1 mm of urine. An increased number of pathogens indicates the development of bacteriuria or urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis). [1]

What does bacteria in the urine of a child mean?

One of the reasons for the presence of bacteria in the urine of children is an incorrectly collected analysis. If the analysis was confirmed after the retake, then it should be established what caused such indicators.

There are two ways bacteria enter the body:

  1. Ascending - pathogens pass through the urinary tract from the lower genital tract
  2. Descending - microbes descend from the upper parts of the urinary system.

Bacteria are formed in urine during infectious lesions of the kidneys. Another possible reason for their appearance is non-compliance with personal hygiene, improper installation of the urinary catheter or non-sterile devices.

Depending on the results of the analysis and the characteristics of the development of bacteria, children can be diagnosed with such diseases:

  • Pyelonephritis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the kidneys with damage to the renal pelvis.
  • Cystitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bladder.
  • Asymptomatic bacteriuria - the presence of bacteria in the urine, but the absence of clinical symptoms and other signs.

Bacteria can enter the urine from the large intestine. In this case, the infection moves from the anus to the urethra, and rises to the bladder, spreading further throughout the body.

A large number of microbes is bacteriuria. This disease can occur with severe symptoms or is hidden. In the first case, there are colic and burning sensation during urination, urinary incontinence, frequent urge to go to the toilet. The secreted liquid acquires a pungent odor, possible impurities of blood or mucus. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, then this is manifested by fever, vomiting, nausea, and back pain. [2]

The rate of bacteria in the urine of a child

Normally, a child should not have bacteria in the urine, since urine is a sterile liquid. A healthy person does not have any impurities in the physiological excretion. The presence of blood, mucus, pus, sediment, salt are signs of inflammatory processes.

If the number of detected bacteria is higher than 105 g/ml, then this indicates bacteriuria. The danger of this condition is that it can occur without severe symptoms. As bacteriuria progresses, serious kidney pathologies and other diseases of the urinary system develop.

Exceeding the norm of bacteria is often associated with hypothermia and infectious and inflammatory diseases. Very often, children are diagnosed with purulent-inflammatory diseases of infectious origin: furunculosis, tonsillitis, abscess. In this case, the pathogenic flora spreads through the bloodstream and throughout the body, causing damage to the kidneys and inflammatory processes of various forms in the surrounding tissues. [3]

Bacteria in the urine of an infant

The main reason for the presence of pathogens in the urine of the baby is infections of the lower and upper urinary tract (cystitis, pyelonephritis, and others). It is newborns who more often than other age groups of children are faced with these pathologies. This is associated with difficulties in identifying clinical symptoms, since the baby is not yet able to report that it hurts to write, or the lower back hurts.

The disease state is manifested by elevated body temperature and the absence of any other symptoms. Also, against the background of infection, lesions of the gastrointestinal tract with loose stools and vomiting may occur. The child becomes drowsy, pale, eats poorly. Antibacterial drugs are used for treatment. If the medicine is correctly selected, then an improvement in the disease state and a decrease in the number of bacteria in the urine test is observed for 2-3 days.

If, after recovery, the level of pathogens in the urine culture is higher than normal, but the child feels normal, then the baby is diagnosed with asymptomatic bacteriuria. The doctor gives a referral for an ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder to exclude rare and congenital pathologies that can cause fluid stagnation and bacterial growth. Based on the results of the diagnosis, a treatment plan is drawn up. [4]

Increased bacteria in the urine test in a child

The body contains a large number of microorganisms, both beneficial and harmful. An increased number of bacteria in the analysis of urine is bacteriuria. Often this condition is asymptomatic and can lead to the development of more serious diseases.

The main causes of increased bacteria:

  • Infections in the urinary tract.
  • Decreased immune defense.
  • Infection of other organs.
  • Violation of sterility and fluid intake rules.
  • Failure to comply with hygiene rules.

Symptoms of bacteriuria are blurred and do not appear immediately. This, in turn, leads to delayed diagnosis and delay in treatment, which threatens with various complications.

There are a number of symptoms that may indicate a violation of the norm of bacteria:

  • Frequent urination.
  • Burning and itching when urinating.
  • Pain in the lower abdomen.
  • Urine is cloudy.
  • Urinary incontinence.
  • A liquid with a fetid odor.

With an increased content of bacteria in urine, special attention is paid to the level of leukocytes. If the leukocytes are normal, then bacteriuria is manifested by single symptoms.

Methods of treatment of a painful condition depend on the age of the child. If there are signs of the development of cystitis or pyelonephritis, then antibacterial therapy is carried out, anti-inflammatory drugs can be taken.

Also, do not forget about preventive measures, which consist in constant monitoring of the child's condition. Of great importance is the observance of the rules of personal hygiene and the timely emptying of the bladder. Urinary retention is one of the most common causes of active reproduction of pathogenic flora. [5]

Single bacteria in the urine of a child

Single bacteria should not cause concern, since such indicators are considered to be the norm. If their level is more than 105 per 1 mm of urine, then this is a reason for re-taking the analysis and a more detailed diagnosis of the urinary system.

The main routes of infection:

  • Descending - pathogens infect the kidneys and spread to the organs of the urinary system.
  • Ascending - microbes enter the ureter and move up (this happens with cystitis).
  • Hematogenous - the infection penetrates through the blood or from other foci of inflammation. Through the circulatory system enters the kidneys, renal pelvis, bladder.
  • Lymphatic - microbes go through the lymphatic vessels from the pelvic organs.

Also, the cause of a large number of bacteria in the urine can be chronic lesions of the respiratory system, gingivitis, stomatitis. They are quite dangerous sources of infection throughout the body.

When pathogenic microorganisms or conditionally pathogenic microflora enter the kidneys and bladder, bacteriuria develops. The disease state can be both asymptomatic and manifest itself in various disorders.

To assess the degree of pathology, a bacteriological urine culture is performed on a nutrient medium. Such an analysis allows to identify the pathogenic flora, to determine its sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. [6]

A large number of bacteria in the urine of a child

If the child is healthy, then the fluid secreted by the kidneys is sterile. But the presence of a small amount of bacteria is considered normal. An indicative criterion is 105 or more microbes in 1 ml of urine. A large number of bacteria in the urine of a child indicates the development of bacteriuria.

The pathological condition indicates inflammatory or infectious processes in the body, the genitourinary system. If bacteriuria is caused by an inflammatory process, then the general condition of the body and the immune system is important. This takes into account the values of the level of leukocytes. Streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, ureaplasmas can also be detected.

Microbes enter the urinary system in different ways. The main causes of increased bacteria in the analysis in a child include:

  • Inflammatory lesions of the kidneys.
  • Inflammation of the pelvic organs.
  • Diagnostic or therapeutic procedures on the urinary tract.
  • Urolithiasis disease.
  • Indigestion.
  • Various infectious diseases.
  • Chronic diseases.
  • Violation of personal hygiene.

At the same time, in some patients, bacteriuria occurs without pronounced signs, while in others it causes a complex of various symptoms. To treat this pathology, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs are used that destroy the pathogenic flora. [7]

Bacteria and white blood cells in the urine of a child

The presence of white blood cells and microbes in children's urine most often indicates diseases of the urinary tract and kidneys. Such indicators can occur with acute respiratory viral infections, various infectious lesions, and allergic reactions. Another possible cause of the disorder is the incorrect collection of analysis.

The main reasons for the appearance of a large number of bacteria and leukocytes in the urine of a child:

  • Urinary tract infections.
  • Inflammation of the kidneys, urethra, bladder, ureter.
  • Excretory system lesions.
  • Infections and inflammation of the external genitalia.
  • Dermatological and allergic reactions.

Increased rates require re-testing. If the analysis is confirmed, then a comprehensive examination of the body is carried out. The doctor gives direction for ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder, MRI, CT scan, cystoscopy. According to the results of the diagnosis, a treatment plan is drawn up. [8]

Mucus and bacteria in the urine of a child

The study of the urine of the child allows you to find out if everything is in order with the health of the baby. The appearance of a large amount of mucus and bacteria should be alarming, since such results indicate certain pathological processes in the body.

Mucus is produced in the goblet cells of the lining of the urethra. Its main function is to protect the urinary tract from urea and other components of urine. Mucus also protects the urinary system from pathogens. Normally, the amount of mucus secreted is minimal, and bacteria are completely absent.

Consider the main causes of mucus and bacteria in the urine of a child:

  • Incorrect collection of fluid (non-sterile collection container, poor hygiene, improper storage of urine).
  • Prolonged abstinence from urination.
  • Inflammatory, infectious diseases of the urethra and bladder (cystitis, urethritis).
  • Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis.
  • Dysmetabolic disorders of the kidneys.
  • Phimosis, vulvovaginitis.

If, against the background of mucus and bacteria, an increased number of leukocytes and epithelium is observed, then this is a clear sign of an inflammatory process in the urinary system. With inflammation, erythrocyte cells can be detected. A large amount of salts is a symptom of dysmetabolic nephropathy. Increased protein - kidney disease and acute inflammatory processes.

Patients are scheduled to retake the analysis in order to exclude possible errors associated with the collection or transportation of the material. The doctor also gives a referral for a Nechiporenko test, ultrasound, blood test, bacterial culture. In some cases, cystoscopy, tomography and other diagnostic procedures can be performed. [9]

Nitrites and bacteria in the urine of a child

Urinalysis is one of the most informative and accessible studies that allow you to assess the state of the child's body. To detect nitrites, a screening test is performed, which is aimed at diagnosing urinary tract infections.

Nitrites are chemicals, salts of nitrogen. Their presence in the analysis indicates certain disorders in the body. Most often, this is observed with excessive consumption of vegetables and fruits with nitrates. The nitrate bacteria are transformed into nitrites and contribute to the development of urinary tract infections.

The most common pathogens are such infections: staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, salmonella, Klebsiella, enterococcus. At the same time, gram-positive bacteria do not have enzymes that ensure the transformation of nitrates into nitrites.

Causes of detection of nitrites and bacteria in the urine:

  • In newborns, this is observed when using diapers. If the diaper is used improperly, all the conditions for the development of infection arise in it. This happens with improper washing of the baby.
  • Older children have an increased risk of infection. Bacteria enter the urinary tract with various injuries, diseases of the genital organs, violation of hygiene rules, hypothermia.
  • Inflammation of the bladder, pyelonephritis and other pathologies caused by salmonella, E. Coli, citrobacter and other pathogenic microorganisms.

According to medical statistics, every 2-3 tests for nitrites in urine are false negative. That is, the analysis does not reveal nitrites, but bacteria are present in the fluid secreted by the kidneys. This is due to the inability of some bacteria to convert nitrates. Many gram-positive microorganisms do not have enzymes that act on dietary nitrates. Another possible reason is the rapid emptying of the bladder. Bacteria produce nitrite if the fluid inside the bladder is more than 4 hours.

If, after a second study, the analysis for bacteria and nitrites is confirmed, then a comprehensive examination of the body is carried out. The task of the doctor is to make sure that there is an infectious process. Based on the results of the studies, a therapy plan is drawn up. For treatment, antibacterial drugs are used, a special diet is prescribed with a restriction of fresh vegetables and fruits. Repeated urine tests are indicated to monitor the effectiveness of ongoing treatment. [10]

Salts and bacteria in the urine of a child

The imbalance of the internal environment of the child's body is the main reason for the appearance of salts and bacteria in urine. Salts are crystals of a certain substance. The appearance of salts and pathogenic flora can act as a temporary, that is, a transient phenomenon associated with the nature of the food consumed or the intake of medications.

Persistent saluria and bacteriuria against the background of metabolic disorders can be signs of the development of urolithiasis and other pathological processes in the body.

The main reasons for the appearance of salts in urine in children include the abuse of such products:

  • Chocolate
  • Mushrooms
  • Citrus
  • Ascorbic and citric acid
  • Dairy and smoked products
  • Cocoa
  • Legumes
  • Strong tea

The test results may be due to urolithiasis or various pathologies of the kidneys, inflammation of the bladder.

Salt compounds are divided into phosphates (formed in an alkaline environment), urates and oxalates (acidic environment).

  1. Oxalates in a child increase due to the large amount of oxalic acid. If the result is repeated during re-analysis, then this may be a sign of kidney stones and serious kidney pathologies.
  2. Phosphates indicate an excess of phosphorus-containing foods (carrots, dairy products, lettuce, legumes), infections in the genitourinary canal, rickets, bowel or digestive tract dysfunction.
  3. Urates in children are extremely rare. Their presence can be a sign of urolithiasis, impaired renal function, diseases and intestinal disorders.

If salts and bacteria are found in the baby, then this indicates the presence of prohibited foods in the mother's diet or the baby's kidney disease. To establish the true cause, a second test, ultrasound of the kidneys and a complex of other examinations are carried out. [11]

What should I do if my child has bacteria in the urine?

The appearance of bacteria in the urine of a child can be a diagnostic sign of many serious pathological processes and diseases. Based on this, it is extremely important to establish the cause of the increase in pathogenic flora and other elements in the urine and eliminate it.

From the moment of birth, children are susceptible to infectious attacks. During the first six months, babies do not have their own immune defenses, so the risk of infection increases significantly. A nursing mother should carefully monitor her diet and carefully select foods for feeding her baby.

To identify pathogens, physiological secretions should be collected correctly. Since improper urine sampling is the most common cause of false test results. The morning portion of the liquid is collected in a sterile container, after washing the baby.

It should also be borne in mind that in 30% of cases bacteriuria develops due to prolonged urinary retention. Therefore, parents should monitor the regularity of urination in a child and eliminate all predisposing factors that contribute to the development of dysuric disorders. Another important factor in the development of bacteriuria is an ascending infection when personal hygiene is not observed.

Treatment of the bacteria in urine

The main goal of treatment is to eliminate the focus of the disease, normalize the process of urination and improve overall well-being. Treatment begins with a comprehensive examination of the child's body and the establishment of the causes of bacteriuria. It is mandatory to analyze the resistance of bacteria to antibacterial drugs, which are an obligatory component of therapy.

If poor analyzes are caused by purulent-inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder, then a nephrologist or urologist is involved in the treatment. The child is prescribed an ultrasound of the genitourinary system and other diagnostic procedures. Therapy consists of correcting nutrition, taking medications and a set of preventive measures.

If bacteriuria has a mild or latent course, then the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antihistamines and other drugs. In especially severe cases, treatment is carried out in a hospital under the dynamic supervision of the attending physician and the control of laboratory parameters of blood and urine.

Consider the most effective drugs used for elevated bacteria in the urine:

Anti-inflammatory - reduce painful symptoms and stop pathological processes. Contribute to a speedy recovery.

Kanefron

It has anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties. Contains active ingredients of plant origin that reduce the intensity of inflammation, have a diuretic effect and eliminate spasms of the urinary tract.

  • Indications for use: monotherapy and complex treatment of chronic forms of infectious diseases of the kidneys and bladder. Noninfectious chronic kidney disease. Prevention of the formation of urinary stones.
  • Method of application: orally, drinking a tablet with a sufficient amount of liquid. It is used for patients over 12 years of age. The recommended dosage is 2 tablets 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician.
  • Side effects: allergic reactions, urticaria, skin rash and itching, hyperemia of the skin. In rare cases, there is the development of nausea and vomiting, a violation of the stool. Overdose has similar symptoms, treatment is symptomatic.
  • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, peptic ulcer during relapse, heart and kidney failure. With extreme caution is prescribed for patients with diabetes mellitus. Not used in children under 12 years of age and as monotherapy in patients with impaired renal function.

Release form: enteric-coated tablets, 20 pieces in a blister, 3 blisters (60 tablets) per pack.

Cystone

It has anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects. Contains plant extracts that increase blood flow to the kidneys and urinary tract. Reduces the content in the urine of calcium, oxalic acid and other substances, reducing the risk of formation of stones in the urinary system.

  • Shows antimicrobial activity against gram-negative microorganisms. It has antispasmodic properties, alleviating the condition with dysuric disorders.
  • Indications for use: complex therapy of diseases of the urinary system of infectious origin. Stone litholysis (phosphate and oxalate stones), sialolithiasis, urinary incontinence, gout. Preventive postoperative therapy to prevent the formation of stones in the urinary tract.
  • Method of application: inside, washing down with a sufficient amount of liquid. For urinary tract infections, children aged 2-6 years, ½ tablet per dose, children 6-14 years old, 1 tablet, patients over 14 years old, 2 tablets. The drug is taken 2-3 times a day, the duration of treatment is 6-12 weeks.
  • Contraindications: allergic reactions to the components of the drug. Patients under 2 years of age. The medicine can be used during pregnancy and lactation. Cases of overdose and adverse reactions have not been identified.

Release form: tablets for oral administration.

Urolesan

Herbal preparation with antiseptic and diuretic properties. Acidifies urine, promotes the release of urea and chlorides, improves hepatic blood flow, enhances bile formation and bile secretion.

  • Indications for use: inflammation of the liver and bile ducts, inflammation of the gallbladder, chronic pyelonephritis, impaired mobility of the biliary tract. Various forms and stages of urolithiasis/cholelithiasis.
  • Method of application: 8-10 drops of the medicine are dripped onto a sugar cube and placed under the tongue. The procedure is carried out 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is from 5 to 30 days.
  • Side effects: nausea, dizziness. For treatment, plentiful drinking, rest and drug withdrawal are indicated.

Release form: orange glass dropper bottles of 15 ml. 

Nitrofurans are antimicrobials with a wide spectrum of action.

Furazolidone

An antibacterial agent from the group of nitrofurans. It has pronounced antimicrobial properties against gram-positive aerobic microorganisms, protozoa and fungi.

  • Indications for use: infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system. Diarrhea of infectious etiology, food intoxication, Trichomonas infection, vaginitis, urethritis, pyelitis, cystitis.
  • Method of application: orally, washing down with a large amount of water. The dosage for children depends on the body weight and age of the patient, therefore it is determined by the attending physician. The maximum duration of treatment is 10 days. The daily dose is divided into 3-4 doses.
  • Side effects: allergic reactions (rashes, urticaria, angioedema), nausea and vomiting, pain in the epigastric region. To reduce the severity of side effects, it is recommended to drink the drug with plenty of water, take B vitamins and antihistamines. With prolonged therapy, there is a risk of developing hemolytic anemia, hyperthermia, and neurotoxic reactions.
  • Contraindications: hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, severe renal failure, patients under 1 month of age. It is prescribed with caution during pregnancy and lactation, for patients with impaired renal function, diseases of the nervous system.
  • Overdose: toxic liver damage, acute toxic hepatitis, polyneuritis. There is no specific antidote, treatment is symptomatic.

Release form: tablets for oral administration.

Furagin

An antimicrobial agent from the nitrofuran group. It affects the enzymes of microbial cells that carry hydrogen molecules. It has a pronounced bacteriostatic effect. Influences gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. It is most active at acidic pH of urine. In an alkaline environment, the effect of the drug is limited.

  • Indications for use: infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system and prostate gland. Preventive measure for recurrent diseases of the genitourinary system, bladder catheterization, congenital anomalies of the urinary tract.
  • How to use: Tablets are taken orally with meals. The dosage for children is calculated on the basis of 5-7 mg / kg / day. With prolonged therapy, the dosage is reduced to 1-2 mg / kg / day. The course of treatment is 7-8 days.
  • Side effects: drowsiness, blurred vision, headaches and dizziness, polyneuropathy. Dyspeptic disorders, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. Allergic reactions, general malaise, fever.
  • Contraindications: renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, allergic reactions to the components of the drug, congenital deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, patients younger than 7 days of age.
  • Overdose: headaches, dizziness, peripheral polyneuritis, hepatic dysfunction, nausea. In some cases, allergic reactions occur. For treatment, gastric lavage is indicated, in especially severe cases, hemodialysis is performed.

Release form: 50 mg tablets, 30 pieces per pack.

Sulfonamides - are used for severe bacteriuria and other pathological processes in the urinary and reproductive systems.

Sulfalen

Sulfanilamide drug with antimicrobial properties. Possesses the prolonged action.

  • Indications for use: infectious diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the active components of the drug. Inflammation of the bladder, purulent infections, inflammation of the renal pelvis, cholangitis. It is also used for osteomyelitis, otitis, pneumonia, bronchitis.
  • Method of application: in acute and fast-flowing infections, 1 g per day is prescribed with a decrease in dosage to 0.2 g per day 30 minutes before meals. In chronic diseases, the medicine is taken 1 time per week, 2 g for 1-1.5 months.
  • Side effects: allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, headaches, a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood plasma.
  • Contraindications: intolerance to the components of the drug, pregnancy and lactation, excess nitrogen-containing products in the blood.

Release form: tablets of 0.2 g, 10 pieces per pack.

Streptocide

It has antimicrobial properties against streptococci, gonococci, pneumococci, Escherichia coli and other bacteria.

  • Indications for use: inflammation of the bladder, inflammation of the renal pelvis, inflammation of the colon, wound infections. It is prescribed for erysipelas, tonsillitis, purulent inflammation of the meninges of the brain.
  • Method of application: inside 0.5-1 g 5-6 times a day. Dosage for children depends on age. The duration of therapy is individual for each patient.
  • Side effects: headaches and dizziness, nausea and vomiting, blue skin and mucous membranes, allergic reactions, a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood plasma, paresthesia, tachycardia.
  • Contraindications: diseases of the hematopoietic system and kidneys, lesions of the thyroid gland, hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Release form: tablets for oral administration, 10 pieces per pack, powder for solution for external use, 5% liniment per pack of 50 g.

Sulfapyridazine

Sulfanilamide preparation of prolonged action.

  • Indications for use: inflammatory lesions of the urinary tract, purulent infections, inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system, dysentery. Inflammation of the lungs and bronchi, trachoma, drug-resistant forms of malaria, dysentery.
  • Method of application: inside 1 g, with a decrease in dosage to 0.5 g per day. In severe infections, the dosage is increased. Children 25 mg / kg body weight on the first day, then 12.5 mg / kg. The duration of treatment is 5-7 days.
  • Side effects: headaches, nausea, vomiting, allergic skin reactions, drug fever, formation of crystals in the urine, a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood plasma.
  • Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the drug.

Release form: powder, tablets of 500 mg, 10 pieces per pack.

Bacteria in the urine of a child is an important diagnostic indicator that requires detailed study. After establishing the causes of the violation, a treatment plan is drawn up. In addition to drug therapy, special attention should be paid to the personal hygiene of children. It is recommended to monitor the baby's urination, as prolonged abstinence contributes to the development of pathogenic flora. It is also necessary to review the child's diet, strengthen the protective properties of the immune system and treat any diseases of the body in a timely manner, thereby preventing the development and spread of infection.

Translation Disclaimer: For the convenience of users of the iLive portal this article has been translated into the current language, but has not yet been verified by a native speaker who has the necessary qualifications for this. In this regard, we warn you that the translation of this article may be incorrect, may contain lexical, syntactic and grammatical errors.

You are reporting a typo in the following text:
Simply click the "Send typo report" button to complete the report. You can also include a comment.