Trace Elements

Inorganic phosphorus in urine

In rickets, the amount of phosphorus released in urine increases 2-10 times in comparison with the norm. The most pronounced phosphaturia in so-called phosphate diabetes.

Inorganic phosphorus in the blood

Phosphorus in the body is contained in the inorganic (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium phosphates) and organic (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.) compounds. Phosphorus is necessary for the formation of bones and cellular energy metabolism. Approximately 85% of all phosphorus in the body is in the bones, most of the rest is inside the cells, and only 1% is in the extracellular fluid.

Total calcium in the urine

In metabolic equilibrium, the daily excretion of calcium in the urine corresponds to the absorption of calcium in the intestine. Calcium excretion in the urine depends on the amount of filtered calcium in the glomeruli and tubular reabsorption. Filtration in the glomeruli of ionized calcium and calcium in a complex with low-molecular anions (approximately 60% of the total in the blood serum).

Causes of increased calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia)

Hypercalcemia is almost always the result of increased calcium intake into the blood from resorbed bone tissue or from food in conditions of a decrease in its kidney clearance. More than 90% of cases of hypercalcemia are due to primary hyperparathyroidism and malignant neoplasms.

General and ionized calcium in the blood

The physiological significance of calcium is to reduce the ability of tissue colloids to bind water, reduce the permeability of tissue membranes, participate in the construction of the skeleton and the system of hemostasis, as well as in neuromuscular activity. It has the ability to accumulate in places of tissue damage by various pathological processes.

Sodium in urine

Sodium refers to threshold substances, and an increase in its concentration in the blood leads to an increase in its excretion. To judge the balance of sodium in the body, it is necessary to simultaneously determine its content in blood and urine.

Potassium in the urine

Potassium in the urine is an important marker, an indicator of normal, healthy nutrition, as well as the state of the hormonal system, assessing the degree of intoxication, if one is diagnosed. In addition, potassium in the urine is a sign of the normal functioning of the kidneys.

Sodium in the blood

Sodium is the main cation of extracellular fluid, where its concentration is 6-10 times higher than inside the cells. Physiological value of sodium is to maintain the osmotic pressure and pH in the intracellular and extracellular spaces, it affects the processes of nervous activity, the state of the muscular and cardiovascular system and the ability of tissue colloids to "swell."

Potassium in the blood

Potassium plays an important role in the processes of muscle contraction, heart activity, conduction of nerve impulses, enzymatic processes and metabolism.

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