Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases

Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in blood

Glucamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a membrane enzyme of pancreatic β cells. Antibodies to GAD - a very informative marker for the diagnosis of pre-diabetes, as well as identifying individuals at high risk of disease (sensitivity 70%, specificity 99%).

Antibodies to insulin in the blood

To identify autoantibodies of IgG class to insulin in serum, ELISA is used. Long-term insulin therapy usually causes an increase in the number of circulating antibodies to the injected insulin preparation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Autoantibodies to islet cell antigens in the blood

The detection of autoantibodies to islet cell antigens has the greatest prognostic value in the development of type 1 diabetes. They appear 1-8 years before the clinical manifestation of the disease.

Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase in the blood

Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme firmly bound to the granular endoplasmic reticulum of epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles. It carries out the oxidation of iodides in the follicles to active iodine and iodination of tyrosine.

Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in the blood

Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in serum - antibodies to the predecessor of thyroid hormones. They bind thyroglobulin, disrupting the synthesis of hormones and thereby causing hypothyroidism.

Thyroid auto-antibodies in the blood

The determination of antibodies to the microsomal fraction of the thyroid gland is used to diagnose autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism, in which the level of antibodies in the blood rises. Antibodies to thyroid microsomes form immune complexes on the cell surface, activate complement and cytotoxic lymphocytes, which leads to cell destruction and the formation of an inflammatory process in the thyroid gland.

Lupus anticoagulant in the blood

Lupus anticoagulant refers to the Ig class IgG and is an antibody against negatively charged phospholipids. He received his name due to the fact that it affects phospholipid-dependent coagulation tests and was first detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Antibodies to cardiolipin in the blood

Anticardiolipin antibodies - antibodies to phospholipids (cardiolipin - di-phosphatidylglycerol) of cell membranes, the leading indicator of the presence of antiphospholipid minedrom in patients. Antibodies to cardiolipin are the main fraction of antibodies to phospholipids.

Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) belongs to the group of rheumatic diseases and is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to phospholipids. The reasons for the formation of autoantibodies are not precisely established.

C-reactive protein in the blood

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein consisting of 5 identical, non-covalently linked ring subunits. C-reactive protein is detected in the blood serum for various inflammatory and necrotic processes and is an indicator of the acute phase of their course.

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